Laboratory simulation of the salt weathering of schist: II. Fragmentation of fine schist particles

Recent developments in long term landform evolution modelling have created a new demand for quantitative salt weathering data, and in particular data describing the size distribution of the weathered rock fragments. To enable future development of rock breakdown models for use in landscape evolution and soil production models, laboratory work was undertaken to extend existing schist/salt weathering fragmentation studies to include an examination of the breakdown of sub‐millimetre quartz chlorite schist particles in a seasonally wet tropical climate. Laser particle sizing was used to assess the impact of different experimental procedures on the resulting particle size distribution. The results reveal that salt weathering under a range of realistic simulated tropical wet season conditions produces a significant degree of schist particle breakdown. The fragmentation of the schist is characterized by splitting of the larger fragments into mid‐sized product with finer material produced, possibly from the breakdown of mid‐sized fragments when weathering is more advanced. Salinity, the salt addition method and temperature were all found to affect weathering rates. Subtle differences in mineralogy also produce variations in weathering patterns and rates. It is also shown that an increase in drying temperature leads to accelerated weathering rates, however, the geometry of the fracture process is not significantly affected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pb and Th in settling particles in the western Northwest Pacific Ocean: Particle flux and scavenging

A mooring of three conical time-series sediment traps was deployed at two sites in the western Northwest Pacific Ocean for 9 months. Total mass fluxes and activities of ²¹⁰Pb and ²³⁰Th were determined for the settling particles to elucidate their scavenging and transport processes. Sediment samples also were analyzed for ²¹⁰Pb activities. Total mass fluxes, ²¹⁰Pb fluxes and ²³⁰Th fluxes showed large seasonal variations and their weighted mean fluxes tended to increase with depth, with an especially large increase near-bottom. The ratios of the observed ²¹⁰Pb fluxes to the ²¹⁰Pb deficiency fluxes in the upper traps at the two sites were only 0.02 and 0.12, and were attributable to advective export of ²¹⁰Pb from the surface waters. Those ratios in the near-bottom traps ranged between 1.22 and 2.63. This suggests that these high ratios are due to effective particle scavenging, large lateral ²¹⁰Pb import and input of resuspended particles that have not become incorporated into the sediments. The mean total ²³⁰Th fluxes at the near-bottom traps were 4.2–6.7 times higher than that expected from production in the overlying water column. The ²¹⁰Pb activities in the surficial sediments were much lower than those in the near-bottom traps. The ²¹⁰Pb accumulation rates estimated from the excess ²¹⁰Pb inventory in the sediment column were 40–70% higher than the mean ²¹⁰Pb fluxes at the near-bottom traps. The ratios of the ²¹⁰Pb accumulation rates to the ²¹⁰Pb deficiency fluxes at the near-bottom traps ranged between 2.0 and 3.7. The high fluxes of particulate ²¹⁰Pb and ²³⁰Th at the near-bottom traps reflected a combination of enhanced scavenging of dissolved nuclides and the lateral redistribution of particulate matter by downslope and alongshore transports. However, it was not possible to discriminate among the various processes contributing to high nuclide fluxes.     

用地面湿度参量计算我国整层大气可降水量及有效水汽含量方法的研究

根据1993年我国28个台站地面及高空气象要素资料,拟合出这28个台站所在地区整层大气可降水量同地面湿度参量(地面水汽压、地面露点)关系的经验表达式,并且在此基础上,通过引进地理纬度ψ和海拔高度H两个参量,将经验系数参数化,建立起由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量的经验计算模式.另外还拟合出这些地区整层大气有效水汽含量同可降水量关系的经验表达式,提出一个先由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量,再由此计算出整层大气有效水汽含量的方法.     

非定常不稳定液固两相流动中旋涡对颗粒运动影响的数值研究

构建起双向耦合的液固两相流动旋涡动力学模型与数值方法;应用离散涡方法,计算非定常不稳定水流场;采用Lagrange方法模拟颗粒运动,颗粒对流体的反作用通过修正涡泡运动速度来实现。利用所建模型,计算了两种St数的泥沙粒子在圆柱绕流场中的运动。结果证明了液固两相流动中颗粒运动与旋涡存在着明确的相关结构:(1)当水沙混合物中的泥沙颗粒碰上旋涡时,泥沙颗粒被卷入旋涡中,被卷入旋涡中的泥沙颗粒在运动过程中始终分布于旋涡区;(2)均匀水沙混合物绕圆柱流动,由于流体流过圆柱时产生剧烈分离流动,使得在尾迹流内中等St数 (St～o (1))的泥沙颗粒从均匀水沙混合物中分离出来而往旋涡区聚集。     

非饱和土的有效应力与抗剪强度

从孔隙土的存在状态出发，探讨了吸力的两种不同作用效果与非饱和形态的关系，从理论上论证了Bishop公式的正确性澄清了多年来一个基本概念上的误解。用新的观点阐述了非饱和土中抗剪强度分布不均匀及浸水湿陷的原因；同时还对Fredlund和卢肇钧提出的抗剪强度理论及参数的测试方法进行了分析，提出了各种抗剪强度理论在理论上都是相同的，其区别仅在于确定由吸力产生的那部分有效应力时采用的参数和测试 方法不同。为今后非饱和土的抗剪强度研究从理论转向实用提供了理论基础。     

基于空间统计学的空间数据窗口大小的确定

提出基于空间统计学的方法来确定空间数据窗口大小,实例证明是可行的。同时提出了对海底照片成像不均匀光照进行纠正的思路和方法，该方法简单有效，效果较理想。     

远区重力数据对扰动位径向二阶梯度的影响

提出了利用地面重力异常数据计算地面扰动位径向二阶梯度时，远距离带区影响的误差公式，结果以级数形式给出，以其数学模型为基础，利用全球重力位模型GPM98，计算确定了不同平均异常网格大小情况下截断半径取一系列值时的远区影响，在将卫星重力梯度和航空重力梯度观测数据与地面重力数据进行联合处理时，文中提出了远区影响的数量关系，对于确定合理的截断半径大小具有一定的参考价值。     

双侧破裂模型对地震动空间相关性影响的定量研究

本在震源为双侧线状断层破裂模型的假定下，根据震源理论和波谱随空间坐标的展开式，得到了场地两点地震动Fourier谱的表达式Ab(f)=Aa(f)exp(a1δ0 a2δθ，中提出了将双侧破裂模型分解为两个单侧破裂模型计算双侧破裂模型a1和a2的数值方法，以一次地震（M＝6）为例，分析了双侧破裂模型对地震动空间相关性的影响，计算了 a1和a2的实部和虚部以及孔径随震中距，方位角和频率变化的三维图像。     

四川紫色雏形土的蒸发性及其与土壤结构性的关系

结合四川土壤基层分类 ,选取四川紫色雏形土的几个土系 ,对土壤的水分发性能及其与土壤结构性尤其是机械组成和微团聚体组成的相关关系分析发展 ,土壤水分蒸发具有明显的阶段性 ;土壤水分累积蒸发量与蒸发历时之间总体上符合乘幂方程 ;土壤蒸发速度与〈0 .0 0 1mm的颗粒含量呈明显相关关系 ,与 >0 .2 5mm的大团聚体含量呈明显负相关关系。     

夯扩桩成桩过程引起的挤土效应分析

夯扩桩在成桩过程中会产生挤土效应。通过采用柱形孔扩张理论，推导出砂土中形成扩大头时引起的挤土影响半径和土体位移，并对一工程实例进行了分析。