季风上升流对印尼爪哇岛南部海域pH影响的初步研究

基于2013年9月底至10月初在印尼爪哇岛南部海域调查得到的碳酸盐参数和相关水文数据,首次报道了该海域pH的分布,并重点探讨了南爪哇上升流(季风上升流)对其影响。结果显示上升流影响区表层pH低于周围非上升流影响区。通过两端元混合模型,定量讨论了上升流的物理输运和生物活动对pH的影响。研究表明,上升流的物理输运至少造成了海表层盐度增加0.4个单位,溶解无机碳(DIC)增加110μmol/kg,pH降低约0.2个单位;同时,在上升流区,强烈的生物活动(叶绿素a浓度大于0.4mg/m3)使得DIC的降低量达70μmol/kg,pH的增加量达0.15个单位。总体来看,该研究区域的物理输运作用大于生物作用,综合效应表现为DIC的增加和pH的降低。另外,同上升流的物理输运作用和生物作用相比,上升流引起的表层冷却和增盐对pH的影响较小(热力学作用)。     

An evaluation of remote sensing derived soil pH and average spring groundwater table for ecological assessments

Ecological assessments such as species distribution modelling and benchmarking site quality towards regulations often rely on full spatial coverage information of site factors such as soil acidity, moisture regime or nutrient availability. To determine if remote sensing (RS) is a viable alternative to traditional data sources of site factor estimates, we analysed the accuracy (using ground truth validation measurements) of traditional and RS sources of pH and mean spring groundwater level (MSL, in m) estimates. Traditional sources were a soil map and hydrological model. RS estimates were obtained using vegetation indicator values (IVs) from a Dutch national system as an intermediate between site factors and spectral response. IVs relate to those site factors that dictate vegetation occurrence, whilst also providing a robust link to canopy spectra. For pH, the soil map and the RS estimate were nearly as accurate. For MSL, the RS estimates were much closer to the observed groundwater levels than the hydrological model, but the error margin of the estimates still exceeded the tolerance range of moisture sensitive vegetation. The relatively high accuracy of the RS estimates was made possible by the availability of local calibration points and large environmental gradients in the study site. In addition, the error composition of the RS estimates could be analysed step-by-step, whereas the traditional sources had to be accepted ‘as-is’. Also considering that RS offers high spatial and temporal resolution at low costs, RS offered advantages over traditional sources. This will likely hold true for any other situation where prerequisites of accurate RS estimates have been met.     

Chemical characterization of wet precipitation events and deposition of pollutants in coal mining region,India

The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation in India’s richest coal mining belt. Total 418 samples were collected on event basis at six sites from July to October in 2003 and May to October in 2004 and analysed for pH, EC, F⁻, Cl⁻, , , Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and . The average pH value (5.7) of the rainwater of the investigated area is alkaline in nature. However, the temporal pH variation showed the alkaline nature during the early phase of monsoonal rainfall but it trends towards acidic during the late and high rainfall periods. The rainwater chemistry of the region showed high contribution of Ca²⁺ (47%) and (21%) in cations and (55%) and Cl⁻ (23%) in anionic abundance. The high non seas salt fraction (nss) of Ca²⁺ (99%) and Mg²⁺ (96%) suggests crustal source of the ions, while the high nss (96%) and high ratio signifying the impact of anthropogenic sources and the source of the acidity. The ratio of varies from 0.03 to 3.23 with the average value of 0.84 suggesting that Ca²⁺ and play a major role in neutralization processes. The assessment of the wet ionic deposition rates shows no any specific trend, however Ca²⁺ deposition rate was highest followed by and _.     

重庆地区近10年酸雨时空分布和季节变化特征分析

利用2005年重庆各区县31个观测站降水的pH值资料分析了当年整个地区的降水酸度的空间分布和季节变化特征,并选取中国气象局酸雨观测网中沙坪坝、涪陵、万县、奉节和巴东5个观测站点1997年至2006年的酸雨观测数据,对重庆地区近10年来酸雨的时空分布特征和季节变化情况进行了统计分析.研究结果表明:重庆地区降水酸性和电导率的地区间差异较大,降水酸性的季节变化较明显,冷季(秋、冬)较暖季(春、夏)要强.西南部降水酸性较强,受污染程度也较严重,但没有明显的变化趋势;东北部大多为弱酸性降水,且受污染程度也较轻,但是日趋酸化和污染加重的趋势却较明显,且季节变化尤为明显,其中夏秋两季pH值的明显减小是其近10年来酸化加重的主要原因.涪陵的数据明显不同,酸性降水频率较低,pH值偏高的同时电导率也偏高,2001年前后情况尤为明显,可能受局地因素的影响比较大.     

Characteristics and Environmental Significance of pH and EC in Summer Rainfall and Shallow Firn Profile at Yulong Snow Mountain,Lijiang City,China

The seasonal and inter-annual variations of pH and EC(electrical conductivity) at Yu-long(玉龙) Snow Mountain,Lijiang(丽江) City,are sensitive to precipitation variations and are important indicators of the atmospheric environment.The pH of summer rainfall at Lijiang City ranges from 6.7 to 7.4,and alkaline mineral salts dominate the variations of rainfall acidity.pH values in theshallow firn profile at Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1 range from 5.6 to 6.3,and EC values from 2.4 to 7.3 μs/cm.The ranges are lower than ...     

土壤pH值及CaCO3在多目标地球化学调查中的研究意义

重点阐述了土壤pH值，CaCO3含量与土壤矿质元素活化之间的制约机理，从而论述了多目标地球化学调查要实现服务于农业，服务于生态环境保护的目标，就必须加强对土壤pH值及CaCO3含量调查研究。     

掺Zn球形氢氧化镍的研究

采用化学沉淀法制备球形氢氧化镍,通过对制备条件pH值、添加剂量、搅拌强度的研究,探讨了其对掺Zn球形氢氧化镍     

Development of paleolimnological inference models for pH, total nitrogen and specific conductivity based on planktonic diatoms

Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA was used to explore and identify statistically significant relationships between the distributions of planktonic diatoms and the physical and chemical properties of 50 Connecticut lakes. Six variables (pH, total nitrogen, calcium, sulfate, potassium and chlorophyll- a concentrations) were found to be significantly correlated with either or both of the first two extracted axes. The pH and calcium concentration, and to a lesser extent total nitrogen concentrations, were the most important variables controlling the distributions of planktonic diatoms in this suite of lakes. Paleolimnological inference models were developed for pH, total nitrogen (TN) and specific conductivity. Weighted averaging with (WAtol) and without (WA) tolerance downweighting, with and without bootstrap resampling techniques, and using either classical or inverse deshrinking methods were used to develop inference models for each variable. The pH and TN yielded sufficiently high 1/2 ratios and a highly significant first (constrained) axis when entered as single variables in both constrained and partially constrained CCA analyses, supporting the idea that reliable inference models could be developed for these variables. The r2 and RMSE of prediction values ranged from 0.73 to 0.86 and 0.37 to 0.6, respectively for pH, and from 0.4 to 0.64 and 59 g/l to 95 g/l, respectively for TN. Inference models for specific conductivity also yielded significant goodness-of-fit statistics. However, because specific conductivity was removed from the CCA analysis due to its high variance inflation factor and did not yield a significant relationship when entered as the sole variable in a partial constrained CCA, inference models for this variable will probably not yield any additional environmental information. The use of only planktonic diatoms in construction of inference models is discussed.     

青藏高原东北部典型花粉类型埋藏特征及其与植被关系的研究

取自青藏高原东北部不同植被类型的 6个土壤剖面花粉与植被关系研究表明，表土花粉较好地代表当地植被的组成，区域外花粉百分比低于30％，但桦、杨花粉在植被中的代表性较差；土壤剖面典型花粉类型的埋藏特征表明：在土壤表层 8cm以下，花粉总浓度迅速降低。氧化作用对花粉的破坏性最大，花粉浓度随土壤的pH值升高呈指数形式递减，pH值 7．6以上，花粉浓度迅速降低，花粉在土壤中的运移作用不明显。