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61.
A bifurcation phenomenon with relevance to atmospheric chemistry is discussed. The gasphase reactions in the troposphere exhibit two types of temporal evolution which are controlled by the strength of the source,Q, of nitric oxide, NO, via the nonlinear chemical coupling between the hydrogen oxides and nitrogen oxides chemistry. IfQ remains below a threshold value, all short-lived species, including NO, approach steady-state concentrations, while above the threshold bifurcation to another state with increasing (nonstationary) NO concentrations accompanied by a depletion of the OH and HO2 abundances takes place. 相似文献
62.
63.
64.
We show that photochemical processes in the lower half of the troposphere are strongly affected by the presence of liquid water clouds. Especially CH2O, an important intermediate of CH4 (and of other hydrocarbon) oxidation, is subject to enhanced breakdown in the aqueous phase. This reduces the formation of HO
x
-radicals via photodissociation of CH2O in the gas phase. In the droplets, the hydrated form of CH2O, its oxidation product HCO2
–, and H2O2 recycle O2
– radicals which, in turn, react with ozone. We show that the latter reaction is a significant sink for O3. Further O3 concentrations are reduced as a result of decreased formation of O3 during periods with clouds. Additionally, NO
x
, which acts as a catalyst in the photochemical formation of O3, is depleted by clouds during the night via scavenging of N2O5. This significantly reduces NO
x
-concentrations during subsequent daylight hours, so that less NO
x
is available for O3 production. Clouds thus directly reduce the concentrations of O3, CH2O, NO
x
, and HO
x
. Indirectly, this also affects the budgets of other trace gases, such as H2O2, CO, and H2. 相似文献
65.
Klaus Wege 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(4):381-390
On 1 February 1989, -83.5°C was recorded in 27.8 hPa over Hohenpeißenberg, the lowest temperature in the 22-year series. This was measured together with a very low total ozone amount of 266 DU. This may be compared with nearly twice this amount on 27 February 1989. The situation was very unusual: following an extremely cold winter in the Arctic stratosphere, the stratospheric cold pole was located over southern Scandinavia on 1 February in a very southerly position. The analyzed temperatures of -92 °C in 30 hPa were also unusual. Even though the low ozone amounts over Hohenpeißenberg were probably dynamically caused, an additional very small ozone decrease due to heterogeneous reactions in altitudes from 23–28 km, where the temperatures lie below -80 °C, cannot be ruled out. Extinction measurements by the orbitting SAGE II instrument indeed show polar stratospheric clouds over Europe near 50° N during the period 31 January–2 February. Also, polar stratospheric clouds were previously observed over Kiruna at similarly low temperatures and signs of a corresponding small ozone decrease were noted there. 相似文献
66.
气象因子对近地面臭氧污染影响的研究 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
本文通过对1993年春季和春夏之交的O3浓度逐日变化、日变化和气象因子关系的分析,提出了影响O3浓度的主导气象因子和不同情况下形成高浓度O3的主要因子,提出了大风速对逐日变化中O3浓度特高及浓度日变化峰值的重要作用,并指出高温、低湿、小风并不是在所有情况都是促成高浓度O3的因子。另外,雾也可以成为近地面O3浓度增值的因素,主要原因是雾内湍流发展将高浓度O3大量输向下方。 相似文献
67.
Summary The accuracy of the electrochemical ozone sonde, type OSR, has been estimated by analysing tandem ozone soundings of the balloon-borne electrochemical ozone sonde OSR at the Lindenberg Observatory from May to November 1982. A negative bias, though not significant, has been observed above about 28 km for soundings having high single correction factors. Random errors are at their minimum just above the level of the maximum of ozone partial pressure, and reach their maximum in the troposphere. Except at heights above about 28 km the random error of ozone sondes is a factor 2 to 3 times less than the error of the short Umkehr method. Provided that soundings with too high correction factors are neglected, the ozone sonde OSR has an accuracy comparable to that of other Brewer type sondes.The maximum amount of information on the vertical ozone distribution can be drawn from sonde measurements in the lower stratosphere. A study is underway to improve the sensitivity of the sonde OSR and thus to further enhance its reliability. 相似文献
68.
The results of a research study of the carbon monoxide concentration from California to 90° S, Antarctica are presented. The data both extend and support other research studies of the latitudinal distribution of carbon monoxide in that higher concentrations are evident over the Northern Hemisphere than over the Southern Hemisphere. Carbon monoxide concentrations range between 50 to 60 ppb with a few peaks into the 60s in the latitudinal area south of the ITCZ and values of 80 ppb or higher at latitudes north of Hawaii. A comparison is also made of carbon monoxide and ozone concentrations along the flight tract between California and Antarctica, over the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica, and between 78° S and the South Pole. These ozone-carbon monoxide data show statistically significant negative correlations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Antarctica. It is believed that this is a good indication of mixing across the tropopause. 相似文献
69.
The ultraviolet absorption cross sections were measured for CF3Br, CF2ClBr, CF2Br-CF2Br, CF2Br2, CHF2Br, CHFBr-CF3, CH2Br-CF3, CHClBr-CF3 in the wavelength range 190–320 nm at 295 K. The photolysis is concluded to be the minor atmospheric sink for CHF2Br, CHFBr-CF3, CH2Br-CF3, CHClBr-CF3. 相似文献
70.
Summary The total ozone response to strong major geomagnetic storms (Ap≥60) in winter along the 50° N latitudinal circle is studied. The results add to the recent results of Laštovička et al. (1992)
obtained for European middle latitudes (∼50°N) and to the results of Mlch (1994). A significant response of total ozone is
only observed in winter under high solar activity/E-phase of QBO conditions (E-max) and seems to be caused by geomagnetic
storm-induced changes of atmospheric dynamics. There are two sectors along latitude 50°N, which are sensitive to forcing by
geomagnetic storms both in total ozone and the troposphere — north-eastern Atlantic-European and eastern Siberia-Aleutian
sectors. The total ozone response under E-max conditions manifests itself mainly as a large decrease in the longitudinal variation
of ozone after the storm, which means an increase of ozone in Europe. The observed effects in total ozone consist in redistribution,
not production or loss of ozone. 相似文献