胜利油田孤岛原油中有机硅化合物的发现及其石油地质意义

采用溶剂萃取法从胜利油田孤岛原油中分离得到浓缩的含氧化合物，再用柱色谱分离得到有机硅及其它组分。用红外、电子能谱、气相色谱－质谱法分离鉴定了有机硅组分。鉴定出的有机硅化合物有硅Ｓｉ₃－Ｓｉ₇的甲基硅氧烷和Ｓｉ₃－Ｓｉ₅的环甲基硅氧烷以及三甲基硅的衍生物。资料表明:在高等和低等生物体中还不能肯定含有Ｓｉ－Ｃ键的有机化合物。因此，原油中有机硅化合物的发现是原油无机成因的一个证据。本文还简要讨论了位于勃海湾盆地孤岛原油的无机成因的地质环境及其石油地质意义。     

Characterization of Estonian Kukersite by spectroscopy and pyrolysis: Evidence for abundant alkyl phenolic moieties in an Ordovician, marine, type II/I kerogen

The kerogen of a sample of Estonian Kukersite (Ordovician) was examined by spectroscopic (solid state ¹³C NMR, FTIR) and pyrolytic (“off-line”, flash) methods. This revealed an important contribution of long, linear alkyl chains in Kukersite kerogen. The hydrocarbons formed upon pyrolysis are dominated by n-alkanes and n-alk-1-enes and probably reflect a major contribution of selectivity preserved, highly aliphatic, resistant biomacromolecules from the outer cell walls of Gloeocapsomorpha prisca. This is consistent with the abundant presence of this fossilized organism in Kukersite kerogen. In addition high amounts of phenolic compounds were identified in the pyrolysates. Series of non-methylated, mono-, di- and trimethylated 3-n-alkylphenols, 5-n-alkyl-1,3-benzenediols and n-alkylhydroxybenzofurans were identified. All series of phenolic compounds contain long (up to C₁₉), linear alkyl side-chains. Kukersite kerogen is, therefore, an aliphatic type II/I kerogen, despite the abundance of free phenolic moieties. This study shows that phenol-derived moieties are not necessarily associated with higher plant-derived organic matter.The flash pyrolysate of Kukersite kerogen was also compared with that of the kerogen of the Guttenberg Oil Rock (Ordovician) which is also composed of accumulations of fossilized G. prisca. Similarities in the distributions of hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds were noted, especially for the C₁–C₆ alkylbenzene and alkylthiophene distributions. However, no phenolic compounds were detected in the flash pyrolysate of the Guttenberg kerogen. Possible explanations for the observed similarities and differences are discussed.     

四种卤代PTP1B抑制剂的化学合成及其活性研究

从松节藻中分离的含卤素化合物表现出显著PTP1B抑制活性。其中BPN效果最佳。为研究BPN侧链基团极性对其抑制活性的影响,本文以香兰素(1)为起始原料,经过溴代、氧化、还原、傅克烷基化以及酯化等反应,成功合成了新化合物2,3-二溴-1-(2-溴-3,4-二甲氧基-6-((4-硝基苯氧基)甲基)苯甲基)-4,5-二甲氧基苯(10)、4-((3-溴-2-(2,3-二溴-4,5-二甲氧基苄基)-4,5-二甲氧基苄基)醚)苯胺(11)、4-((3-溴-2-(2,3-二溴-4,5-二甲氧基苄基)-4,5-二甲氧基苄基)醚)-4-乙酰乙酸(12)和3-溴-2-(2,3-二溴-4,5-二甲氧基苄基)-4,5-二甲氧基苯甲醛肟(14)。通过1 H-NMR,13C-NMR等方法对目标产物进行了结构表征。并对化合物进行了PTP1B酶抑制活性的测定,结果表明化合物侧链极性对PTP1B酶抑制活性有显著影响。     

Permeability characteristics of lime treated marine clay

An attempt has been made to investigate the lime induced permeability changes in the permeability and engineering behavior of different lime column treated soil systems. Lime columns treated marine clay shows an increase in permeability up to a maximum value of 15–18 times that of untreated soil with time. The shear strength of the treated soil systems show an increment up to 8–10 that of untreated soil within a period of 30–45 days curing. In the case of lime injection systems, the permeability has been increased up to 10–15 times that of untreated soil, whereas the strength of the soil has been higher by 8–10 times that of untreated soil. Further, consolidation tests show a reduction in the compressibility up to 1/2–1/3 of original values. The test results revealed that both lime column and injection techniques could be used to improve the behaviour of underwater marine clay deposits.     

裙带菜(Undaria pinnitifida)色素蛋白复合物的分离及光谱特性的初步研究

以褐藻裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)为实验材料，采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法纯化类囊体膜；以去污剂sDs为增溶剂(SDS：Chl=20：1，4℃增溶20min)，再用蔗糖密度为60％、50％、40％、30％、20％、15％和10％的梯度离心法，从裙带菜中成功地分离出5条含色素的蛋白质复合物带。离心结果显示在离心管顶部没有任何颜色，表明经过SDS增溶没有产生游离色素，纯化的类囊体膜和5条色素条带进行吸收光谱分析，显示了属于叶绿素n(Chl-a)的吸收峰：418、436和667到672nm。叶绿素c(Chl-c)的吸收峰：615和620nm。荧光发射最高峰位于682到690nm的区域。荧光激发光谱显示有Chl-a和Chl-c的激发峰，40％层带所含有的色素复合物只有属于Chl．n的吸收峰。分析结果表明：10％、15％层带所含有的色素复合物是褐藻的捕光色素复合物；20％、30％层带所含有的色素复合物是浅绿色的PSⅡ复合体(仍然含有捕光色素)，40％层带所含有的色素复合物是深绿色PSⅠ复合体，50％层带所含有的色素复合物是没有被增溶的类囊体膜。     

Possible evidence for enrichment of trace elements in the hydrous manganese oxide phases of suspended matter from an urbanized embayment

Total and weak-acid-soluble trace elements in suspended matter from the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay were determined from samples collected in February and September 1980. The results indicate that Mn scavenging in the water column is coincident with enrichments of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the suspended matter, suggesting a possible enrichment of these trace elements in a hydrous Mn oxide phase. This process occurs primarily in the sub-surface waters of Elliott Bay. Since mass balance calculations show a net export of Mn out of the bay, this mechanism may be an important means of transporting toxic trace metals from polluted estuaries and embayments to cleaner coastal environments.     

Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals

The interpretation of the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in organochlorine concentrations in marine mammal populations is complex because of the lack of wide-scale, long-term surveys. Therefore the results from several surveys must be combined and this causes undesired heterogeneity due to differences in the sampling and analytical techniques used and in the biological characteristics of the individuals sampled. Moreover, information is not homogeneously distributed in either space or in time. Most research is concentrated in western Europe, northern America and certain areas of Asia, while it is extremely limited or non-existent in Africa and most regions of the southern hemisphere. Marine mammals from the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere, particularly fish-eating species which inhabit the mid-latitudes of Europe and North America, show the greatest organochlorine loads; noteworthy are the extremely high levels found in the Mediterranean Sea and certain locations on the western coasts of the United States. Concentrations in the tropical and equatorial fringe of the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere are low or extremely low. The polar regions of both hemispheres showed the lowest concentrations of DDTs and PCBs, although levels of HCHs, chlordanes and HCB were moderate to high in the cold waters of the North Pacific. During recent decades, concentrations have tended to decrease in the regions where pollution was initially high but they have increased in regions located far from the pollution source as a consequence of atmospheric transport and redistribution. It is expected that the Arctic and, to a lesser extent, the Antarctic, will become major sinks for organochlorines in the future; this process may already be significant for some compounds such as HCB and HCHs. Effort should be devoted to both assessment of organochlorine trends in the now highly polluted populations of the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere and to the implementation of long-term monitoring of marine mammal populations inhabiting polar regions.     

结合气象模式与GloBEIS模式研究气象条件对BVOCs排放的影响

BVOCs对全球碳收支、对流层化学反应及臭氧的形成和气候变化都有很大的影响.选取森林覆盖率高且BVOCs排放尚未有研究报道的中国东北地区作为研究区域,利用美国NCAR中心提供的1°×1°的6 h NCEP再分析资料,运行MM5模式,得到模拟结果,从中提取GloBEIS模型所需要的近地面层的温度、湿度、风速和云量的格点气象数据,实现了将MM5模式与GloBEIS相结合对BVOCs进行研究.研究中需要的植被种类及分布数据来自于最新的"植被信息系统"数据库,选取温度较高,太阳辐射较强,植被生长茂盛的2006年7月和2010年7月作为模拟时段,运行GloBEIS模型,对研究区域内的BVOCs的排放情况进行了估算.模拟结果与温度和云量等气象要素的分析结果表明,异戊二烯的排放速率受温度和PAR(光合有效辐射通量)的共同影响,日变化趋势显著,随着温度升高,PAR增强,异戊二烯的排放速率增大,在午后14:00左右达到最大值,之后降低.由于云量与PAR成反比,因此云量越少,异戊二烯的排放量就越高,反之,则越低;与异戊二烯不同,温度是单萜烯和其他VOC的排放的主导因素,受PAR和云量的影响较小,温度越高,排放量越大,反之,则越小.     

Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.     

武汉市居民区大气VOCs的污染特征和来源解析

于2016年7月-2017年6月在武汉市典型居民区对大气中101种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了监测,以便研究武汉市典型居民区周边VOCs的组成特征和变化规律,并探讨了其主要来源.结果表明,武汉市空气中VOCs的体积分数为（46.24±24.57）×10^-9,表现为烷烃>含氧有机物>烯烃>卤代烃>芳香烃.受交通排放影响烷烃的比例上午高于下午,1月机动车尾气为武汉市主要的VOCs排放源,夏季含氧类化合物浓度高于冬季,可能更多地受本地喷涂等溶剂使用行业和光化学反应生成的影响,5-9月表现出明显的生物源排放特征.利用正交矩阵因子分析（PMF）得到武汉市居民区大气VOCs主要有6个来源,分别为燃烧源、机动车尾气、工业排放、溶剂使用、汽油挥发和植物排放.其中,燃烧源、机动车尾气贡献比例最高,是该区域VOCs控制的重要排放源.