城市下垫面特性对辐射雾生消过程影响的数值研究

针对城市下垫面条件进行合理的参数设置,将城市影响引入辐射雾模式,并结合NCEP/ CFSv2(Climate Forecaset System Verison2)资料及常规气象观测资料,对2010年2月8日发生在上海宝山的一次辐射雾过程进行数值研究。结果表明:(1) 受城市地表影响,感热输送成为城市地表加热大气的主要方式;城市下垫面的湍流交换作用较强,近地面湍流交换系数最大可达2.0 m2/s;(2) 城市辐射雾的起雾高度比农村高,雾首先在32 m高度上形成,且雾顶可发展到150 m高度;上部雾形成的主要原因是长波辐射冷却引起的水汽凝结;而8 m以下气层雾形成的主要原因是重力沉降导致的含水量的累积。      

宽频带地震电磁辐射观测系统研制

为在复杂的地球电磁环境中更好地观测和辨识地震电磁辐射信号,研制了宽频带电磁辐射观测系统,包括频带为0.1 Hz~100 kHz的空间电场传感器和采样率为512 kHz、时钟同步精度优于100 ns的高速数据采集器。在云南6个台站进行实验观测,结果表明,该系统能记录到清晰的电磁脉冲波形且广域多台站同步记录到同源信号,可以利用信号细节特征和信号源位置进行地震电磁辐射信号的辨识。     

巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地表辐射与能量平衡特征

利用2013年7月、10月和2014年1月、4月巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖流动沙地地表辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温湿度和湍流通量等观测资料,分析了拐子湖地区地表辐射收支和能量通量在不同季节条件下的日变化特征及能量分配和闭合状况。结果表明:地表辐射各分量和能量平衡分量的月平均日变化结果整体均表现为标准的单峰型日循环形态,受不同季节影响,日变化曲线存在显著的季节变化差异,各分量均呈7月最大、1月最小、4月大于10月, 1月和7月的R_s↓、R_s↑、R_l↑、R_l↓、R_n日均值依次为98.9 W·m^-2和614.6 W·m^-2、34.6 W·m^-2和87.3 W·m^-2、276.9 W·m^-2和494.2 W·m^-2、214.8 W·m^-2和385.0 W·m^-2、0.4 W·m^-2和128.7 W·m^-2。与塔中、肖塘等地相比,该区域具有相对较高的地表反照率,整体呈冬季高夏季低,年均0.34。1月和7月的H、LE、G₀日均值依次为4.7 W·m^-2和78.8 W·m^-2、0.3 W·m^-2和20.3 W·m^-2、2.9 W·m^-2和35.0 W·m^-2。从能量分配来看,研究区干旱的气候和极低的植被覆盖造成了各季节全天潜热通量占净辐射份额始终较小,白天以感热为能量的主要消耗形式,土壤热通量次之。此外,R_n于正午达到日峰值后逐渐减小,受辐射强迫升温的地面以感热形式对空气的热量输送却不断持续,而促使H/R_n日间始终保持明显的增长趋势。     

南极大气外太阳辐射的能谱分布

本文阐述了在中国南极长城站进行太阳能谱测量所用的仪器设备、测量原理、方法和结果。给出了大气外日地平均距离处太阳的绝对分光辐照值、能谱分布曲线及太阳常数。同时,对所得的结果作了分析讨论。     

UV-B短期照射对北极冰川小球藻Chlorella sp.的生物学效应

以一种分离自北极冰川融水的淡水微藻（Chlorella sp.）为实验材料,设置两个不同强度UV-B（45μw/cm2、76μw/cm2）照射处理、每4小时取样检测,对其生化组分进行分析,了解微藻对UV-B辐射的响应。研究结果显示小球藻经辐射处理后,其生化成分发生变化：（1）在较低强度的UV-B（45μw/cm2）辐射下,叶绿素a（Chla）和类胡萝卜素（Car）含量先升后降,且在4h时有最大值;高强度UV-B（76μw/cm2）辐射下,Chla和Car含量随辐射时间延长基本呈下降趋势。（2）超氧阴离子（O2?ˉ）和丙二醛（MDA）含量基本随辐照时间的延长和辐照强度的增大提高,过氧化氢（H2O2）含量变化虽随辐照时间的延长呈上升趋势,但直到12h是才表现为明显的提高。（3）超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在低UV-B处理下,随辐照时间的延长呈升高趋势;在高UV-B辐射下,SOD活性先升后降,CAT活性上下波动。(4)UV-B辐射使小球藻脂肪酸组成发生了变化。这些结果表明：UV-B,尤其是高强度或较高剂量的UV-B会对北极冰川微藻带来不利的影响。     

太阳能光伏发电量预报方法的发展

太阳能光伏发电技术成为当今世界可再生能源发电领域的一个研究热点。在未来,我国大规模的并网光伏发电系统将持续快速发展,但目前我国对太阳能光伏发电量预报方法的研究还很薄弱,几乎没有可满足实际太阳能光伏发电量预报需求的方法和系统。太阳能光伏发电量预报,主要是通过太阳总辐射的准确预报,结合光伏电站历史发电量数据分析,进而得到光伏发电量预报。通过对国内外太阳能光伏发电量预报方法的介绍和分类,以及对国际上太阳能光伏发电量预报系统建设的介绍,希望对我国太阳能光伏发电量预报系统发展起到一定的促进和推动作用。     

Analysis of an oasis microclimate in China’s hyperarid zone

The microclimate of a desert oasis in China’s hyperarid zone was monitored, analysed and compared to that of nearby forested lands. Factors associated with differences in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between clear, cloudy and dust storm days are discussed. Desert oases were shown to fulfill ecological functions such as altering solar radiation, adjusting near-ground and land surface temperatures, reducing temperature differences, lowering wind velocity, and increasing soil and atmospheric humidity. Total solar radiation within the oasis was roughly half that above the forest canopy. During the growing season, air temperatures in Populus euphratica Olivier and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. woodlands were, on average, 1.62 and 0.83°C lower, respectively, than that in surrounding woodlands. The greater the forest cover, the greater was the difference in temperature. Air temperature was higher at the upper storey than that at the lower storey of the community, i.e., air temperature increased with increasing height above the soil surface. During the growing season, relative humidity was higher in woodlands than in surrounding areas: relative humidity in P. euphratica and T. ramosissima woodlands were, on average, 8.5 and 4.2% higher, respectively, than that in the surrounding area. Mean wind velocity in the P. euphratica forest land was 0.33 m/s, 2.31 m/s lower than that in the surrounding area. On dust storm days PAR and total radiation, Q, were significantly lower than that on cloudy or clear days. Their ratio, η _Q  = PAR/Q, was larger and much more variable on dust storm days than that on clear or cloudy days.     

Current and future impacts of ultraviolet radiation on the terrestrial carbon balance

One of the most documented effects of human activity on our environment is the reduction of stratospheric ozone resulting in an increase of biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In a less predictable manner, UV radiation incident at the surface of the earth is expected to be further modified in the future as a result of altered cloud condition, atmospheric aerosol concentration, and snow cover. Although UV radiation comprises only a small fraction of the total solar radiation that is incident at the earth’s surface, it has the greatest energy per unit wavelength and, thus, the greatest potential to damage the biosphere. Recent investigations have highlighted numerous ways that UV radiation could potentially affect a variety of ecological processes, including nutrient cycling and the terrestrial carbon cycle. The objectives of the following literature review are to summarize and synthesize the available information relevant to the effects of UV radiation and other climate change factors on the terrestrial carbon balance in an effort to highlight current gaps in knowledge and future research directions for UV radiation research.     

西藏建筑节能设计标准的探讨

做好建筑节能工作,是落实科学发展观,建设节约型社会和节约型城镇的重要举措,也是现代建筑技术发展的方向。把太阳能开发利用作为一个重点,利用太阳能解决冬季采暖和四季生活热水供应,以减少建筑能耗,发展城乡节能建筑体系,是西藏建筑节能设计标准的一个重要宗旨。希望能给在建筑领域里工作的同志们一点启示。