From 2D and 3D GIS for CyberCity

In order to understand the 3D landscape with many high buildings in a city, the 2D GIS has to be extended to 3D GIS. The further development of CyberCity has to include various applications of 3D scenes from the outdoor scenes to the indoor ones. In thispaper, some key techniques, such as data management method and dynamicalvisualization method for the outdoor and the indoor scenes, are discussed. The indoor scene is compared with the outdoor one. The idea of integratedrepresentation of the outdoor and the indoor scenes in CyberCity GIS is discussed. Funded by the open research fund program of LIESMARS (No. 010302).     

浙江梧村超单元主要地质特征及其就位机制探讨

浙江梧村岩体是一个主要由石英二长岩、二长岩组成的中生代复式岩体.通过详细的野外填图和地质地球化学研究,发现该岩体具有结构和成分演化序列.依据侵入体之间及其与围岩的接触关系、岩石的矿物成分及岩石地球化学、结构构造等特征,可将其划分为大山、沐尘、下坞等3个岩石单元,归并为梧村超单元.从早期到晚期,岩浆的侵入具有明显的反序特征,这种"反序"现象是因为存在带状岩浆房.三个单元在格局上呈刺破式同心带状型式,这种就位很可能属于刺穿式底辟作用.     

Effects of vegetation on channel morphodynamics: results and insights from laboratory experiments

A series of laboratory experiments demonstrates that riparian vegetation can cause a braided channel to self‐organize to, and maintain, a dynamic, single‐thread channel. The initial condition for the experiments was steady‐state braiding in non‐cohesive sand under uniform discharge. From here, an experiment consisted of repeated cycles alternating a short duration high flow with a long duration low flow, and uniform dispersal of alfalfa seeds over the bed at the end of each high flow. Plants established on freshly deposited bars and areas of braidplain that were unoccupied during low flow. The presence of the plants had the effect of progressively focusing the high flow so that a single dominant channel developed. The single‐thread channel self‐adjusted to carry the high flow. Vegetation also slowed the rate of bank erosion. Matching of deposition along the point bar with erosion along the outer bend enabled the channel to develop sinuosity and migrate laterally while suppressing channel splitting and the creation of new channel width. The experimental channels spontaneously reproduced many of the mechanisms by which natural meandering channels migrate and maintain a single dominant channel, in particular bend growth and channel cutoff. In contrast with the braided system, where channel switching is a nearly continuous process, vegetation maintained a coherent channel until wholesale diversion of flow via cutoff and/or avulsion occurred, by which point the previous channel tended to be highly unfavorable for flow. Thus vegetation discouraged the coexistence of multiple channels. Varying discharge was key to allowing expression of feedbacks between the plants and the flow and promoting the transition from braiding to a single‐thread channel that was then dynamically maintained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇西晚始新世高镁富钾火山岩的地球化学特征及其岩石成因机制探讨

40Ar/39Ar同位素定年分析显示滇西新生代高镁富钾火山岩均形成于始新世晚期(约36 Ma),富含MgO(＞9%)和K2O(3.07%～7.28%),绝大部分K2O/Na2O比值大于2,均属超钾质系列岩石.较高的Cr、Ni含量和较低的Sc(＜30 μg/g)、TiO2(＜1%)含量暗示了源区为尖晶石相方辉橄榄岩;高镁富钾火山岩与区内同时代的粗面岩具相似的地球化学组成特征,均富集LILE和LREE,亏损高场强元素Nb-Ta和Ti等,具有极低的Nb/La比值(0.2～0.3)、较高的87Sr/86Sr初始值(0.7056～0.7072)、负的εNd初始值(-0.97～-4.87)和相对较高的206pb/204Pb(18.556～18.695)、207pb/204Pb(15.609～15.630)比值,具有明显的岛弧型钾质火山岩的性质.高镁富钾火山岩来源于受古特提斯俯冲带流体交代的尖晶石相方辉橄榄岩的部分熔融岩浆,并在深部岩浆房经历了橄榄石的结晶分异和堆晶作用,而粗面岩则还在相对浅部岩浆房经历了较大程度的长石与单斜辉石的分离结晶.     

A GCM Study on the Mechanism of Seasonal Abrupt Changes

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"93.8"鲁西南大暴雨的数值试验

针对中尺度地形对我国天气影响的重要性,对ＲＥＭ先后进行水平、垂直分辨率的提高,并运用常规报文资料获得初始场,采用包络地形等方法获得模式所需的地形资料,对１９９３年８月４￣５日的大暴雨个例进行了数值试验。结果表明,仅提高ＲＥＭ的水平分辨率,对降水预报有一定的改进和提高,但多报出了几个大暴雨中心。而模式水平及垂直分辨率均提高后（下称Ｃ模式）,其降水场、形势场的预报有明显的改进和提高,虚假降水中心消失,     

CO2浓度倍增对中国主要作物影响的试验研究

根据自行设计的ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室及连续３年试验资料，在评述该套设备性能的基础上，分析了ＣＯ２浓度倍增对４种作物生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增，作物发育进程加快，株高增加，经济产量和生物产量增长明显，且Ｃ３作物的增长幅度大于Ｃ４作物；冬小麦、棉花品质呈良性变化，玉米品质可能有所下降，大豆品质变化不明显。上述初步结果尚待进一步研究     

季节背景对ENSO循环过程中SSTA增/减幅作用的数值试验研究

利用热带太平洋地区 2层区域海洋模式和再分析资料探讨了大气 /海洋的季节背景对ENSO时间尺度上海温异常的增幅或减幅作用。结果表明 :不论什么季节背景下 ,就海洋变化而言 ,El Nino/La Nina事件均可存在 ,说明 El Nino/La Nina事件的存在和维持并没有季节性选择 ;模式海洋的西太平洋赤道地区次表层海水温度异常变化位相明显超前于东太平洋SSTA且在空间上自西向东传播 ,同时有位相超前的量还包括模式第 1层厚度异常及热容量异常 ,这些对 ENSO的预测和机制研究具有重要意义。 SSTA的振幅在不同的季节背景下可受到不同的调节。以春季为背景 ,同样的异常风应力作用于海洋 ,可使 NINO3区 SSTA较正常季节背景下该区的 SSTA振幅明显增大 ;而在冬季背景下可使 SSTA受到一定程度的减幅 ,这说明 El Nino/L a Nina现象的发生和消亡有季节选择倾向。与春季背景下 NINO 3区SSTA的增幅倾向相反 ,模式第 1层厚度异常的振幅则受到削弱。而西太平洋赤道地区 ,模式海洋混合层的厚度异常则有所增强。这种与 SSTA增 /减幅反相关的现象需要进一步研究     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.