北太平洋东部风暴轴的变化特征及其与大气环流和SST异常的关系

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF(European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast)逐日再分析资料(ERA40),通过经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)分解发现,冬季北太平洋东部风暴轴有着显著的年际变化特征:第一变化模态为在气候平均位置南北相反的偶极子变化型,第二变化模态为在气候平均位置处一致增强或减弱的变化型,第三变化模态为三极子的变化型。进一步的回归分析发现:当东部风暴轴南压(北抬)时,同期冬季是一种厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)年海温异常空间分布型,中纬度北太平洋海区以及赤道中、东海区,冬季冷(暖)异常的洋面上是异常低压(高压),对流层中层是太平洋—北美型(Pacific-North American Pattern,PNA)遥相关的正(负)位相;当东部风暴轴增强(减弱)时,同期冬季黑潮区海温偏暖(偏冷),对流层中层表现为西太平洋型(West Pacific Pattern,WP)遥相关的正(负)位相;当东部风暴轴呈现西北—东南+-+(-+-)相间三极子的分布时,同期冬季巴布亚新几内亚附近海温异常偏暖(冷),夏威夷附近海温异常偏冷(暖),冬季冷(暖)异常的洋面上是异常低(高)压,对流层中层表现出类似PNA正(负)位相。EOF分解各模态所对应时间系数与阿留申低压(Aleutian Low,AL)指数、PNA指数、Nino3指数、WP指数、黑潮海温(Kuroshio Current,KC)指数之间存在显著的相关,这些证明了东部风暴轴与同期大气环流及SST异常之间的联系。     

Long‐term change of seasonal snow cover and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim River basin,northwestern China

Spatio‐temporal variation of snow depth in the Tarim River basin has been studied by the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) based on the data collected by special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) during the period from 1979 to 2005. The long‐term trend of snow depth and runoff was presented using the Mann‐Kendall non‐parametric test, and the effects of the variations of snow depth and climatic factors on runoff were analysed and discussed by means of the regression analysis. The results suggested that the snow depth variation on the entire basin was characterised by four patterns: all consistency, north–south contrast, north‐middle‐south contrast and complex. The first pattern accounting 39·13% of the total variance was dominant. The entire basin was mainly affected by one large‐scale weather system. However, the spatial and temporal differences also existed among the different regions in the basin. The significant snow depth changes occurred mainly in the Aksu River basin with the below‐normal snow depth anomalies in the 1980s and the above‐normal snow depth anomalies in the 1990s. The long‐term trend of snow depth was significant in the northwestern, western and southern parts of the basin, whereas the long‐term trend of runoff was significant in the northwestern and northeastern parts. The regression analysis revealed that the runoff of the rivers replenished by snow melt water and rainfall was related primarily to the summer precipitation, followed by the summer temperature or the maximum snow depth in the cold season. Our results suggest that snow is not the principal factor that contributes to the runoff increase in headstreams, although there was a slow increase in snow depth. It is the climatic factors that are responsible for the steady and continuous water increase in the headstreams. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determining the spatial and temporal patterns of climate changes in China's western interior during the last 15 ka from lacustrine oxygen isotope records

China's western interior is a climatologically complex region, where climatic conditions are primarily controlled by the westerly jet stream and the Asian monsoon system. Observations reveal that the δ¹⁸O signatures of these atmospheric elements as expressed in their meteoric waters are different, and these differences are reflected in the lacustrine systems that are ultimately fed by the meteoric waters. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of 17 lacustrine δ¹⁸O records from this area clearly reveals the spatial and temporal structures of climate changes during the last 15 ka. The first EOF mode, dominated by sites in the NW sector, captures the temperature effect on the variability of the δ¹⁸O dataset. We interpret the variations through time in the amplitude of this mode to be indicative of changes in summer air temperature. The second EOF mode, heavily weighted by sites in the SE sector, reveals the ‘amount effect’ on δ¹⁸O, and thus its amplitude time series indicates changes in the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. Our EOF‐based reconstructions of regional climate are generally consistent with the δ¹⁸O records of ice cores, cave speleothems and marine carbonates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超声萃取气相色谱法检测海洋沉积物中的总石油烃

简便快速准确的沉积物中石油烃检测方法的建立对于评估海洋环境中石油的污染程度,以及对应防治措施的选取意义重大.本文探讨了索氏提取、振荡提取和超声萃取法对沉积物中总石油烃的提取效率,并用正交实验优化提取条件.得到的最优方法为:59沉积物加15 mL二氯甲烷超声萃取4次,每次15min,硅胶和氧化铝净化提取液,GC-FID检测.用此方法提取加油量为lmg/g沉积物,回收率均值达99.4％,标准偏差为1.9％,重复性好.     

多孔含水岩层的相似材料配比研究

以石膏、浮石、硅藻土等材料为相似材料对多孔含水岩层进行相似材料模拟。试验中采用四因素（硅藻土水泥石膏比、标准砂浮石比、骨胶比、重晶石骨料比）、五水平的正交试验方法,分别对多孔含水岩层的相似材料试件进行密度、单轴抗压强度、孔隙率、弹性模量以及软化系数的测定,得出相应的物理力学性质指标,采用直观分析法分析各因素对物理力学性质的影响规律。分析结果表明：由于各配比度不同,相似材料强度分布范围较广,在与多孔岩层的岩石参数对比中发现,在一定的相似条件下,基本符合多孔岩层岩石的相似要求;硅藻土含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、孔隙率呈负相关,与软化系数呈正相关;浮石含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、软化系数呈负相关,与孔隙率呈正相关。所加入的两种材料可较好地模拟样品的多孔特性。在允许波动范围之内,所建立的模拟多孔含水岩层的经验方程可用于工程实践。     

基于正交设计的堆积体稳定性影响因素的敏感性分析

采用正交试验设计和极限平衡方法,以九子崩滑堆积体为实例进行稳定性分析。并对正交试验设计结果进行了极差和方差分析：极差和方差分析结果均显示,堆积体稳定性影响因素敏感性最大的因素为粘聚力c,其次为内摩擦角φ,重度γ对稳定性影响的敏感性较小。找出了影响边坡稳定性的主导因素,为滑坡防治工程提供了参考依据。     

近51a福建早春不同低温阴雨分布型的环流特征及成因

利用1960—2010年福建省早稻播种育秧期平均气温、日照资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用EOF和相关合成等方法,分析近51 a福建省早稻播种育秧期低温阴雨日数分布类型与各类低温阴雨日数分布类型同期大气环流背景场及海温分布特征,并探讨其成因。结果表明:福建省低温阴雨日数空间分布主要为全省一致、南北相异两种类型,其中全省一致偏多(少)型为福建省低温阴雨空间分布主要类型。不同的低温阴雨型具有明显不同的环流特征,当欧亚大陆中高纬度为两槽一脊形势,槽脊强度强,易发全省一致偏多型低温阴雨,其强度弱则易发北多南少型低温阴雨;当欧亚大陆中高纬度为两槽两脊形势,则易发北少南多型低温阴雨,当欧亚大陆中高纬度环流平直,则低温阴雨一致偏少。全省一致偏(多)少型、北多南少型与海温异常关系不大;前冬赤道中部海温异常偏暖,易发北少南多型低温阴雨。福建低温阴雨天气的发生,需要适当强度的冷空气和稳定的水汽通道。     

A Typical Mode of Seasonal Circulation Transition: A Climatic View of the Abrupt Transition from Drought to Flood over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley in the Late Spring and Early Summer of 2011

In this study, the seasonal transition of precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yang-tze River Valley (YRV) from late spring to early summer is investigated. The results show that the seasonal transition of precipitation exhibits multi-modes. One of these modes is characterized by an abrupt transition from drought to flood (ATDF) over the middle and lower reaches of the YRV in the seasonal transition of precipitation. It is shown that the ATDF event from May to June 2011 is simply one prominent case of the ATDF mode. The ATDF mode exhibits an obvious decadal variability. The mode has occurred more frequently since 1979, and its amplitude has apparently strengthened since 1994. From the climatic view, the ATDF mode configures a typical seasonal circulation transition from winter to summer, for which the winter circulations are prolonged, and the summer circulations with the rainy season are built up early over the YRV.     

新疆地区25 a地面风场特征分析

 地面风除了受大范围环流影响外,还受地形影响较大。新疆既有大的盆地,又有高山垭口,造就了特殊的新疆地面风场。利用新疆54个气象站1980—2004年,每日4个时次的地面风资料,分析了该地区地面风场的长期特征,并进行经验正交函数分解。研究表明,新疆长期地面风场北疆、东疆和南疆有显著差别,主要表现在风向的转变,即北疆总体表现为西北风,南疆表现为偏东风,东疆表现为由西北风向偏东风转换的反气旋性弯曲气流;新疆经向风的长期变化表现为南风距平加强,而纬向风则表现为东风距平加强;经向风在整个时间序列上有3~5 a的短期变化,而纬向风在整个时间序列上有3~6 a的短期变化,且都表现为随时间延续周期变长;经向风南风距平增大趋势的最大值发生在七角井,而北风距平增大趋势的最大值则在阿拉山口。纬向风西风距平增大趋势的最大值在七角井,东风距平增大趋势的最大值位于安德河;EOF分析表明,第一特征向量的贡献达到87.5％,而第一特征向量对应的时间系数的距平值以1987年和1999年为界,表现为“正负正”的趋势。