Modelling mid‐channel bars in meandering channels

An analytical modelling framework is proposed to reproduce the frequently observed but poorly studied occurrence of mid‐channel bars in meandering channels. Mid‐channel bars occur in meanders and may characterize transitional morphologies between pure meandering and braided rivers. Based on existing field and experimental observations, we propose that two different mechanisms can generate central topographical patterns in meanders. A former mechanism (‘width‐forced’) is related to spatial width oscillations which determine a laterally symmetrical bed shear stress pattern that promotes mid‐channel bars. A second mechanism (‘curvature‐forced’) can take place also in curvilinear equiwidth streams since also longitudinal variations of channel curvature can produce laterally symmetrical alterations of the sediment transport capacity. A perturbation approach is employed to model both mechanisms within a common framework, allowing reproduction, at least qualitatively, of several observed features. While width‐forced mid‐channel bars are a symmetric linear altimetric response, to reproduce curvature‐forced mid‐channel bars requires modelling nonlinear flow‐bed topography interactions at the second order of the perturbation expansion. Hypotheses on how these mechanisms operate are further discussed through an application to field cases. The amplitude of the nonlinear response can be relevant compared to that of the point bar in equiwidth meanders and the location of mid‐channel bars seldom coincides with bend apexes, mainly depending upon the intrinsic meander wavelength. Central bars tend to symmetrically divert the flow against the two banks, a process which is proposed as a possible cause of cross‐sectional overwidening, along with the asymmetry between the rates of bank erosion and of the opposite bank accretion. The outcomes of this first modelling step on the subject allow discussion of the mutual feedback processes that characterize interactions between mid‐channel bars and width variations in river meanders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陇南公路总段桥梁震害及易损性分析

陇南公路总段所辖百余座大中小桥,在5.12四川汶川特大地震中遭受了不同程度的损害。本文首先介绍了这些桥梁的震害和现场鉴定情况,然后为验证桥梁易损性理论分析与现场科学考察所得震害等级的一致性,在收集大量所需参数的基础上,采用公路桥梁震害预测经验统计法,对其中154座有详备资料的桥梁进行了易损性分析,并与科考结果进行统计意义上的对比,从较好的一致性中验证了桥梁震害预测结果。最后在公式修正和桥梁加固等方面提出了建议。     

16种地震科学期刊载文被引统计分析

依据《中国学术期刊文献评价统计分析系统》（V 1.0）,统计分析了2003~2007年16种地震科学期刊的总被引频次、影响因子、被引半衰期、即年指标、Web即年下载率等被引指标和较高频次被引论文。同时对期刊的现状进行了初步讨论,并提出了一些建议,以期为办刊提供一定的参考。     

白家疃地震台前兆仪器整合

以白家疃地震台为实验点,于2008年3月21日完成对该台"九五"前兆仪器针对"十五"台网进行整合改造。通过为期13个月的运行结果可以看出,其改造方案成本低,技术可行,产出数据可靠,为"九五"前兆台站整体接入"十五"管理系统提供了低成本、高效可靠的技术参考。     

三维锥束代数重建算法的投影排序方案

代数重建算法中的投影访问顺序对重建图像的收敛速度和精度有很大的影响。针对三维锥束代数重建算法,比较了几种投影序列排序方案的重建图像收敛速度:顺序访问方案,多水平级排序方案,素数分解排序方案,加权距离排序方案。通过仿真实验得到的实验结果表明:在三维锥束ART算法中按照后三种投影序列排序方案排序后的图像重建比顺序访问方案的收敛速度快,并且WDS排序方案的收敛速度最好。     

2014年3月30日湖北省秭归M4.7地震房屋震害特征分析

2014年3月30日湖北省秭归县发生M4.7地震,震中烈度Ⅵ度,地震对震中区的房屋造成了不同程度的损坏。通过对震中区房屋震害情况进行抽样统计和分析,归纳总结了农村两种常见类型房屋的典型震害特征,并对其原因进行深入的分析。在此基础上,对农村民居的场地选择及设计施工等提出一些建议,可以为灾区及其他抗震设防地区的农居建设及政府决策提供依据和参考。     

风廓线雷达对折射率结构常数的实测分析

大气折射率结构常数（Cn2）是大气中折射率大小的体现,为了改善风廓线雷达（WPR）数据质量,提高WPR数据业务应用的可靠性,对边界层风廓线雷达近1年的实测数据采用归纳对比的方法,分析得到Cn2与温度湿度变化的关系,并总结出成都地区晴朗天气下,四季Cn2量级的变化范围,与理论推导一致.夏天10-12到10-20,春秋10-13到10-20,冬天10-14到10-21,此外,根据降水量大小不同,Cn2提升3到6个量级,获得这些定量的范围,为相关风廓线雷达产品识别提供了方法和依据.     

近场地震作用下考虑二阶效应的混凝土框架抗震分析

利用钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果,验证OpenSees程序用于钢筋混凝土结构非线性分析的可行性。以此为基础,对钢筋混凝土框架结构在远场地震、近场非脉冲地震与近场脉冲地震作用的性能进行非线性时程分析,研究框架结构在三类地震作用下的反应以及二阶效应对结构反应的影响。针对近场脉冲地震对结构进行增量动力分析(IDA)和易损性分析,分别得到结构的IDA曲线、易损性曲线和近场脉冲地震作用下二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明,在三类地震作用下,近场脉冲地震导致的二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响最为显著,结构抗震设计中宜考虑二阶效应的影响。     

高阶统计量在形变固体潮汐异常信息提取中的应用

将高阶统计量方法运用到形变固体潮汐资料处理中,对2006年4月9日山东莘县与河南濮阳交界的濮阳ML4.6地震前泰安地震台的潮汐形变观测资料进行了处理与分析。发现在地震前的一段时间内有异常信号介入,分析结果中的低点对地震异常信息的提取有指导意义。此方法能较好的提取潮汐形变短临异常。     

The FAO global capture production database: A six-decade effort to catch the trend

With data series extending for 60 years, including catch data for almost 1850 species items, and reflecting geo-political, historical and natural events, the FAO capture database provides a service to the community interested in fishery information. Over 600 articles from refereed journals cited the database in the last 15 years. Species included grew significantly in the last decade and an analysis of annual reporting showed more timely data submissions, although the number of non-reporting countries remained stable throughout the years. An evaluation of data quality found over half developing countries reporting inadequately but also one-fourth of reports by developed countries were not satisfactory. This article also provides meta information on historical developments, data sources and coverage, and advice on what should be kept in mind when using the database for trend studies.