Trace Gas Measurements Between Moscow and Vladivostok Using the Trans-Siberian Railroad

Using a laboratory wagon traveling along the Trans-Siberian railroad, O₃, NO, NO₂, CO, CH₄, SF₆ and black carbon aerosol have been measured during the summer of 1996. The expedition from Niznij Novgorod (500 km east of Moscow) to Vladivostok (and back to Moscow) has shown the great potential of the train method; here the first results are presented and discussed. A wealth of boundary layer air data was obtained during the over 18000 km travel without serious contamination problems from the electric train itself. The diurnal O₃ cycle peaked generally below 50 nmole/mole, showed the effects of changes in J(NO₂), and often dropped to a few nmole/mole at night time during inversions. Over the vast Siberian lowlands situated between the Ural mountains and the river Yenisey, CH₄ levels were consistently elevated at around 1.95 µmole/mole, which we mainly attribute to wetland emissions. Over eastern Siberia, however, CH₄ levels were generally lower at 1.85 µmole/mole. In contrast, over the west Siberian lowlands, CO levels were relatively low, often reaching values of only 110 nmole/mole, whereas over eastern Siberia CO levels were higher. Very high CO levels were detected over a 2000 km section east of Chita, along the river Amur, which represented an enormous polluted air mass. ¹⁴C analysis performed on several CO samples confirms that the origin was biomass burning. SF₆, which was measured as a general conserved tracer, showed an eastward attenuation from 4.0 to 3.9 pmole/mole, with peaks in a number of places due to local Russian emissions.     

Nitrogen isotopic studies in the suboxic Arabian Sea

Measurements of¹⁵N/¹⁴N in dissolved molecular nitrogen (N₂), nitrate (NO ₃ ⁻ ) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) and¹⁸O/¹⁶O in N₂O [expressed as δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O, relative to atmospheric N₂ and oxygen (O₂), respectively] have been made in water column at several locations in the Arabian Sea, a region with one of the thickest and most intense O₂ minima observed in the open ocean. Microbially-mediated reduction of NO ₃ ⁻ to N₂ (denitrification) in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) appears to greatly affect the natural isotopic abundances. The δ¹⁵N of NO ₃ ⁻ increases from 6‰ in deep waters (2500 m) to 15‰ within the core of the denitrifying layer (250–350 m); the δ¹⁵N of N₂ concurrently decreases from 0.6‰ to 0.20‰ Values of the isotopic fractionation factor (ε) during denitrification estimated using simple advection-reaction and diffusion-reaction models are 22‰ and 25‰, respectively. A strong decrease in δ¹⁵N of NO ₃ ⁻ is observed from ∼ 200m (> 11‰) to 80m (∼ 6‰); this is attributed to the input of isotopically light nitrogen through nitrogen fixation. Isotopic analysis of N₂O reveals extremely large enrichments of both¹⁵N and¹⁸O within the OMZ, presumably due to the preferential reduction of lighter N₂O to N₂. However, isotopically light N₂O is observed to accumulate in high concentrations above the OMZ indicating that the N₂O emitted to the atmosphere from this region cannot be very heavy. The isotope data from the intense upwelling zone off the southwest coast of India, where some of the highest concentrations of N₂O ever found at the sea surface are observed, show moderate depletion of¹⁵N, but slight enrichment of¹⁸O relative to air. These results suggest that the ocean-atmosphere exchange cannot counter inputs of heavier isotopes (particularly¹⁸O) associated with the stratospheric back flux, as proposed by previous workers. This calls for additional sources and/or sinks of N₂O in the atmosphere. Also, the N₂O isotope data cannot be explained by production through either nitrification or denitrification, suggesting a possible coupling between the two processes as an important mechanism of N₂O production.     

运用原油吡咯类含氮化合物研究塔里木盆地塔中地区石油的二次运移

在塔里木盆地塔中地区的原油中分离和检测到咔唑类含氮化合物,并成功地将其应用于油气运移研究,烷基咔唑类化合物大量存在于所分析的样品中,苯并咔唑只在部分样品检测到且含量小,而二苯并卟唑则未发现,根据Ｃ２烷基咔唑的Ｇ１,Ｇ２和Ｇ３结构类型的分布,Ｃ３－咔唑／Ｃ２－咔唑比值以及烷基咔唑与苯并烷基咔唑的相对含量可知,塔中地区石炭系Ｃ３油组的石油分别从北西和南东两个方向向塔中４号构造的高点侧向运移,研究还表明     

Factors Influencing Nitrogen Speciation in Coastal Rainwater

Rainwater was collected from 129 rain events between February 2002 and August 2003 and analyzed for ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻), organic nitrogen (ON) and free amino acids (AA). Inorganic nitrogen (NO₃⁻ + NH₄⁺) was the dominant form of N representing 85% of total nitrogen based on volume-weighted averages. The remainder of the N occurred as organic nitrogen species of which free amino acids contribute approximately 17%. A significant, and in some cases the majority (> 75%), of the remaining ON could be accounted for by macromolecular uncharacterized humic like substances. This has important ramifications with respect to the long range transport of atmospheric ON because humic materials are recalcitrant and therefore may travel long distances from their source. There was a distinct seasonality to the N speciation data with maximum concentrations of NH₄⁺, ON and AA occurring in the spring. Air-mass back trajectory analysis indicates there is a strong anthropogenic component to the NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and AA signal but not ON. There was a strong positive correlation between amino acid concentrations and ammonium which suggests they have similar sources and sinks in rainwater. Finally, large episodic additions of NH₄⁺ and AA during tropical events could significantly impact short term bioavailable N budgets in estuaries impacted by these storms. Approximately three times as much NH₄⁺ and AA were deposited during Hurricane Isabel (317 μ moles ⋅ m⁻² and 84 μ moles ⋅ m⁻² respectively) compared to the mean impact of average summertime rain events at this location.     

Short-term bacterial reactivity of nitrogen-enriched seawater of a eutrophic lagoon

We carried out, in September, a 24 h experiment to determine the potential reactivity of bacterial communities found in the sea water in Arcachon Basin (France). To create eutrophic systems, batches of seawater were enriched with 30 mgl^?1 of either ammonium chloride or amino acids. Samples were taken every 3 h. Quantitative measurements were made of direct counts (AODC), biomass and ATP content. The heterotrophic bacterial communities were defined in terms of their catabolic potentialities and ‘specific’ diversity. Bacterial heterotrophic activity was established by measuring heterotrophic uptake and the mineralization percentage of labelled glucose or amino acids. From these data, ratios of AMP/ATP and P/B were calculated where P is the uptake of labelled substrate and B is the biomass.After the nitrogen enrichment an increase of the respiration was seen at first. After 6 h, a biomass peak appeared associated with a continuous increase in the number of cells. Bacterial growth was concurrent with a qualitative modification of the community: UAI increased, and diversity dropped. A less diversified community resulted suggesting an immature ecological state (zymogenous bacterial). Low values of respiration percentage (20%) characterized high growth yields.     

养殖中国对虾肌肉提取物的研究──不同提取方法对养殖中国对虾肌肉提取物中含氮化合物的影响

研究不同提取方法对中国对虾肌肉提取物中含氮化合物组成和含量的影响。以ＴＣＡ、ＰＣＡ、ＳＳＡ和ＡＬ法沉淀蛋白质后得到对虾肌肉提取物中总氮量分别为８３３、８７８、８４０和７０１ｍｇ·Ｎ／１００ｇ。前三种方法处理的提取物中游离氨基酸总量相近，而结合氨基酸含量相差甚大。ＴＣＡ法和ＡＬ法对肌肉提取物中大分子化合物沉淀效果较好。提取对虾肌肉中的核着酸以ＴＣＡ、ＳＳＡ法较好。氧化三甲胺和甜菜碱含量分别为８０～１００ｍｇ／１００９和３００～３２０ｍｇ／１００ｇ之间，ＴＣＡ、ＰＣＡ、ＳＳＡ三法比较接近，而ＡＬ法明显偏低。提取物中含氮化合物的分布为：游离和结合氨基酸氮占７１～７８％，核苷酸类氮占９～１１％，甜菜碱氮占３～５％，氧化三甲胺占１～２％。     

海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白的初步研究

对海水钝顶螺旋藻Spirulina platensis Geitler藻胆蛋白进行分离、纯化及光谱测定,其种类和吸收光谱与淡水钝顶螺旋藻相似。光强和氮源是影响藻胆蛋白的重要因子,低光强可诱导海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白含量大幅度(19.7％)增加;氮源不足或缺乏可导致藻胆蛋白大量降解,随后补充氮源则可使藻胆蛋白含量得到恢复,因而证明藻胆蛋白在海水钝顶螺旋藻中亦可起“氮库(nitrogen pool)”的作用。海南三亚室外生产的海水钝顶螺旋藻干品的藻胆蛋白含量随季节呈现周期性变化,光强可能是主要的影响因子。     

莱州湾浮游植物分布特征

根据2000年和2001年的调查资料，分析研究了莱州湾浮游植物分布特征，发现枯水期间以角毛藻和斯氏根管藻为主要优势种类，丰水期间以角毛藻，骨条藻，佛氏海毛藻等为主要优势种类，总量平面分布极不均匀，枯水期间密集区在西部近岸水域，丰水期间密集区由近岸扩展至中部水域，总量变动与无机氮含量密切相关，枯水期间近岸水域内多样性较差。     

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the southern Huanghai Sea surface sediments

The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of f‘me sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of f-me sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.     

Summer algal blooms in a coastal ecosystem: the role of atmospheric deposition versus entrainment fluxes

The nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and bottom water entrainment to the surface layer were modelled in the summer period (May–September) over a 11-year period (1989–1999) and compared to investigate the significance of these fluxes for generating blooms in the Kattegat. In the summer periods the average atmospheric deposition was 2.81 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ compared to average entrainment fluxes of 5.42 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, 1.21 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ and 1.15 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ for the northern, central and southern part of the Kattegat, respectively. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition alone could not sustain biomass increases associated with observed blooms and entrainment fluxes dominated the high nitrogen inputs to the surface layer. The potential for a bloom through growth was typically obtained after several days of high nitrogen inputs from entrainment in the frontal area of the northern Kattegat and to some extent from atmospheric deposition. The modelled nitrogen input in this area could account directly for 30% of the observed blooms in the Northern sub-basin, and through advective transport 24% and 19% of the observed blooms in the central and southern Kattegat. The direct nitrogen inputs through atmospheric deposition and entrainment to the central and southern sub-basins were small and could not be linked to any bloom observation.