δ15N在贵阳地下水氮污染来源和转化过程中的辨识应用

随着城市的发展,贵阳地下水氮污染日趋严重,为评估地下水中氮的分布、来源和迁移转化,我们采集了 72个水样,并测定了三氮 (、和 )浓度、主离子、δ 15N- 和 δ 15N-等.结果显示,在贵阳地下水大多数样品中,- N是最主要的无机氮形态,城区地下水大部分含较高的- N; 然而在城市污水和有些被明显污染的地下水中,却是最主要的无机氮形态,尤其是枯水期.丰水期地下水样有较低的δ 15N值,受农业化肥等影响明显.丰水期地下水- N浓度随着 Cl-浓度升高而升高,表明丰水期地下水硝酸盐可能主要受混合作用等控制.而枯水期地下水中溶解氧与硝酸盐的δ 15N值呈负相关关系,且相对于丰水期地下水具有较高的δ 15N值、较低的硝酸盐浓度和较低的 DIN/Cl值,说明地下水环境中主要受土壤有机氮等影响 , 同时可能存在反硝化.     

Determination of Carbon,Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Geological Materials Using Elemental Analysers

This article describes a series of methods developed for the determination of total carbon (C_Total), organic carbon (C_org), hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur. The following elemental analysers were used: LECO model RC‐412 for the determination of organic carbon, total carbon and hydrogen; LECO model CS‐200 for the determination of total carbon and sulfur; LECO model TN‐400 for the determination of nitrogen; and LECO model TruSpec CHNS for the determination of organic carbon, total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur. Uncertainty and limits of detection and quantification were calculated for each method, as well as the running costs to define the most effective instrument for each material and each analyte. Accuracy was checked by the application of the Sutarno–Steger test. Finally, a compilation of the results obtained in the determination of C_Total, C_org, H, N and S in forty‐nine reference materials is presented.     

Acid rain in China-Input-output budgets of major ions in four forested catchments

Acid rain is one of China＇s major environmental problems and emissions of sulphur and nitrogen are still increasing. The acid rain situation in China is somewhat different from what is seen in Europe and North America. Sulfur deposition is very high, but there is also very high deposition of calcium and other base cations. The sources of atmospheric Ca are not well understood, although it is important for understanding long term impacts of acid deposition. The fate of S, N and Ca^2＋ in the catchment is crucial for the future development of the acidification situation of soils and waters in China. Very few studies presenting catchment input-output ion budgets in Chinese natural environments exist and there are several unknown factors regarding processes. Here, we present annual input-output budgets for three years （2001-2003） for major ions for four forested catchments in China receiving different loads of acid deposition. For the two sites receiving the highest SO4^2- inputs, the input-output budget for the upper 50 cm of soil is approximately balanced. For the most remote site the soil is a net sink for SO4^2-, suggesting that the pool of adsorbed SO4^2- in the soil is building up. This is in agreement with the fact that the site so far has received only moderate SO4^2- inputs. For the southemmost, the subtropical site there is a loss of SO4^2- in the soil, which at least partly may be related to high uptake from the dense and highly productive forest at the site. The Ca^2＋ budgets for the upper 50 cm of soil show large variations both within and between sites. For most locations there is production of Ca^2＋ in the soil that can be explained by weathering, and variation between years related to hydrology that can be explained by ion exchange. However, at some plots at the site receiving very high inputs of both SO4^2- and Ca^2＋, there is an unknown sink of Ca^2＋ in the soil at some plots.     

电解脱氮除磷技术在海产养殖废水治理中的研究

海产养殖迅速发展造成水域富营养化、赤潮频发,海产养殖废水污染的治理迫在眉睫。为解决此问题将电解脱氮除磷技术应用在海产养殖废水处理中,并探讨电压、pH、极板间距和电解时间对脱氮除磷去除率的影响。结果表明:脱氮除磷的去除率与电压成正相关,与极板间距成负相关。在电压为30V,极板间距10cm,pH为7时,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TP的去除率达到最大分别为72%、90%、85%。     

三江平原典型湿地系统大气湿沉降中氮素动态及其生态效应

2004年7月至2005年6月对三江平原典型湿地系统大气湿沉降中的氮素动态进行了研究,并探讨了其生态效应。结果表明,各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,原因主要与人类活动、降水强度及频次、风向、地理位置以及氮氧化物自然排放有关;湿沉降的TN组成以TIN为主(51.38%~98.96%),TIN又以NH₄+-N和NO₃--N特别是NH₄+-N为主,降水天气系统的路径在很大程度上影响着降水中各形态氮的组成;降水量与各形态氮浓度均呈较弱的负相关(p>0.05),而NH₄+-N与NO₃--N、TON均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),它们可能具有同源性。NH₄+-N与NO₃--N的良好相关性与其在液相中的反应有关;生长季是全年氮沉降的重要时期,其TN沉降量为非生长季的1.84倍,二者所占比例分别为64.78%和35.22%。除NO₂--N外,其它各形态氮的沉降量均以生长季为主体;全年TN沉降量为7.57 kg/hm2,TIN/TON之比为5.47,TIN为沉降主体,占84.56%。NH₄+-N和NO₃--N是TIN沉降的主体,其所占全年的比例分别为52.55%和30.03%;氮是该区植物生长的限制因素,生长季的氮沉降对于促进植物生长直接生态意义重大,而非生长季的氮沉降对于大量补充次年植物生长初期所需养分的间接生态意义明显,其生态作用不容忽视;近年来湿地系统氮沉降量的降低可能是导致其退化的重要原因,其生态影响也不容忽视。     

Porewater-derived dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrient fluxes in a saltmarsh of the Changjiang River Estuary

Saltmarshes are one of the most productive ecosystems, which contribute significantly to coastal nutrient and carbon budgets. However, limited information is available on soil nutrient and carbon losses via porewater exchange in saltmarshes. Here, porewater exchange and associated fluxes of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) in the largest saltmarsh wetland(Chongming Dongtan) in the Changjiang River Estuary were quantified. Porewater exchange rate was estimated to be(37±35) cm/d during December 2017 using a radon(~(222)Rn) mass balance model. The porewater exchange delivered 67 mmol/(m~2·d), 38 mmol/(m~2·d) and 2 690 mmol/(m~2·d) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), dissolved silicon(DSi) and DIC into the coastal waters,respectively. The dominant species of porewater DIN was NH_4~+ (99% of DIN). However, different with those in other ecosystems, the dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) concentration in saltmarsh porewater was significantly lower than that in surface water, indicating that saltmarshes seem to be a DIP sink in Chongming Dongtan. The porewater-derived DIN, DSi and DIC accounted for 12%, 5% and 18% of the riverine inputs, which are important components of coastal nutrient and carbon budgets. Furthermore, porewater-drived nutrients had obviously high N/P ratios(160–3 995), indicating that the porewater exchange process may change the nutrient characteristics of the Changjiang River Estuary and further alter the coastal ecological environment.     

扎龙湿地地表水与浅层地下水的水文化学联系研究

水化学特征是湿地多界面间相互作用在水体中的综合体现,从一个侧面反映了湿地系统水文化学过程的特殊性和复杂性。扎龙湿地是国际重要湿地,不仅在维持生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用,而且对区域水化学特征的形成也具有特殊的影响。为了揭示湿地内水化学特征的形成机制,研究了扎龙湿地仙鹤湖区域地表水和地下水水化学特征,并应用水化学方法和稳定同位素[氘(D)和氧18(18O)]方法深入分析了地表水、地下水水化学特征的形成机制,并重点对两者间的水文化学联系进行了探讨。结果发现,除引嫩干渠水为低矿化度的HCO3·Cl-Ca型水外,湿地湖泊水和河流水均为中等矿化度的HCO3-Na型水,湿地地表水明显受蒸发浓缩作用和苏打土溶滤作用影响;地下水的δD值和δ18O值,都高于大气降水和河水,而低于湖泊水;混合比例计算表明,地下水受大气降水直接补给较弱,湖滨处湖水补给比例超过50%。综合分析认为,湿地浅层地下水具有显著的二元循环模式,同时受区域地下水流和局部地下水流的控制。区域地下水补给占主导的区域,地下水表现出低矿化度、高氘盈余值(d)的特征,地下水化学类型逐渐由HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型转变为HCO3-Na·Ca型。湿地湖水补给占主导的区域,地下水特征表现出高矿化度、低d值的特征,水化学类型具有较大的变异性。地表水与地下水的氮、磷以有机态形式为主,平均占总氮和总磷比例的89%和90%,主要来自于地表水体的输入,受垂向淋溶作用影响较小。研究结果不仅为湿地水环境保护提供了科学依据,而且为深化湿地区域水文地球化学效应研究指明了方向。     

温室气体源汇及其对气候影响的研究进展

从与人类活动密切相关的温室气体（CO2、CH4、N2O）源汇研究以及温室气体对气候环境的影响等方面论述温室气体研究进展.介绍了国内外有关温室气体源和汇研究,如岩溶系统碳循环、黄土中温室气体组分特征、森林和大陆边缘海二氧化碳、稻田和湿地甲烷排放等方面的研究成果和认识.介绍了冰芯温室气体的部分研究成果和国内外温室气体与气候关系研究中涉及的一些模式及重要结论.结合温室气体源汇及其与气候变化,指出了目前应重视的一些研究内容,如研究陆地和海洋生态系统的碳氮循环问题,温室气体浓度变化与气候变化的相互关系以及气候变化机制.     

银川地区地下水氮污染原因及防治

通过对银川地区1991-2000年的地下水水质动态监测数据分析发现其地下水氮污染严重．其中尤以氨氮污染最为严重，对其氮污染的成因作进一步分析得出：引起潜水氮污染的主要因子是农田大量施用化肥和地面污水下渗，引起承压水氮污染的主要因子是大量开采承压水造成的潜水对其越流补给．最后提出了相应的防治措施。     

元素分析-同位素比值质谱法测量海洋沉积物中有机碳和氮稳定同位素组成的实验室间比对研究

海洋沉积物中有机碳、氮稳定同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)作为一种有效指标,可对不同地质时期空气、温度、降水等参数的变化进行标记。元素分析-同位素比值质谱法是一种测量海洋沉积物有机碳、氮稳定同位素组成的合理、有效的方法。目前我国有诸多实验室使用元素分析仪(EA)与稳定同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)联用的方法对沉积物中的有机碳、氮稳定同位素进行测试。各实验室之间测试技术及数据稳定性缺少比对依据,测试结果缺乏有效的溯源,使用过程中缺乏规范和统一。本文选取了我国2018年研制的三个国家一级海洋沉积物碳氮稳定同位素标准物质(GBW04701、GBW04702、GBW04703)及两个国际标准物质(EMA-B2152、EMA-B2151),在我国十家实验室对EA-IRMS在线技术测试方法进行实验室间的测量比对实验,以验证方法的稳定性、精密度和准确度。测试结果表明:各家协作实验室的数据准确、稳定,方法的重复性和再现性良好,测得的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N精密度分别好于0.10‰、0.14‰。通过比对研究,同时证明了EA-IRMS在线技术适用于海洋沉积物中的有机碳、氮稳定同位素的测定,初步建立了一套适合海洋沉积物样品分析的方法。