赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系模型

为了研究赣江下游入河污染物对河流水质的影响,建立了基于WASP（Water quality Analysis Simulation Program）模型富营养化原理和ELADI（Eulerian-Lagrangian Alternating Direction Implicit Method）有限差分方法的正交曲线平面二维水环境模型WESC2D（Two-Dimensional Water Environment Simulation Code）。模型采用基于双线性插值及亚网格技术的欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解对流项,在简单的浓度峰输运和赣江下游溶解氧变化过程算例检验的基础上,计算与分析了赣江下游入河排污口氨氮污染负荷与水质之间的动态响应关系。模拟与分析结果表明,WESC2D模型的计算结果与解析解吻合良好,有效地减少了欧拉-拉格朗日方法的数值耗散,并为赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系计算提供了重要工具。     

变换光谱数据对土壤氮素PLSR模型的影响研究

光谱数据变换对消除背景、噪音影响以及提取光谱特征有重要的作用,是光谱数据分析过程中的必要步骤。为了研究光谱变换处理对土壤氮素PLSR模型的影响精度,并选择最佳光谱变换处理方法,本文对原始光谱数据进行了15种典型光谱变换,通过比较不同变换光谱与土壤氮素的相关性,实现土壤氮素的PLSR精确诊断,并综合评定最佳光谱数据变换方法。结果表明,涉及微分处理后的光谱变换,尤其是先进行开方（T₈、T₁₁）、对数（T₆、T₁₂）等变换后再进行微分处理,可提高其与土壤氮素的相关性。在引入较少因子变量个数的条件下,该方法使因变量解释量达到了98%。综合考虑模型的校正、验证效果及模型复杂度（模型最佳因子变量个数）,可得出光谱平方根的一阶微分变换处理（T₈）为最佳的土壤光谱变换算法。该条件下的土壤氮素的校正模型表现为R²=0.985、RMSE_C=0.000132、F_n=6,验证模型的表现为R²=0.9853、RMSE_V=0.000162,结果表明基于T₈的光谱数据变换可实现本试验条件下土壤氮素的光谱估算。另外,可以考虑将原始光谱的一阶微分（T₉）、对数和对数倒数的一阶微分（T₆、T₇）以及平方根和对数的二阶微分（T₁₁、T₁₂）作为光谱数据变换方法。本文研究结果可为土壤氮素估算和光谱数据预处理提供技术参考。     

内蒙古河套永济灌域渠道底泥有机质和总氮含量特征

排灌系统底泥特征是反映土地利用变化生态影响的重要途径,为此对内蒙古河套灌区永济灌域灌排系统底泥有机碳和总氮含量进行了系统研究。结果表明:灌域内永济给水干渠(简称永济干渠)与四号、五号排水干沟(简称四排干、五排干)表层底泥的有机质(OM)及总氮(TN)含量特征分布有所差异。其中均以五排干上游底泥中含量最高,OM与TN平均值分别为3.60%和0.35%,超出河套地区平均值的4.82倍和2.94倍;其底泥有机指数也达到重污染水平,富营养化程度较高;永济干渠底泥OM与TN含量最低,分别为1.41%和0.03%,属于清洁贫营养化级别;四排干底泥OM与TN含量介于五排干和永济干渠之间,其上游较为清洁,基本接近平均值,C/N平均在17左右。排干底泥有机质与总氮含量之间显著相关,y_(TN)=0.141x_(OM)-0.180(r=0.978;P<0.001)。     

Variation in δ15N of a lacustrine sedimentary sequence in the Nanling Mountains and its potential implication for climatic conditions over the past ∼16 000 years

Although extensive studies have been performed on nitrogen isotopes in lake sediments,understanding the complexity of the δ~15N variation related to past environmental and climatic conditions still remains unclear.Supported by multi-proxy records including litho-units,organic carbon isotopes,ration of total organic carbon and total nitrogen,organic matter content,bulk dry density,the accumulation rate of organic matter,median grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and Rb/Sr and Ca/Mg ratios obtained from a sedimentary sequence in a small lake(i.e.,Dahu Swamp) in the eastern Nanling Mountains in South China,we deduce that variation in the δ15N values results primarily from the sources of organic matter,which are significantly influenced by climatic conditions over the past ~16 000 years.A low(or high) lake level resulting from dry(or wet) conditions would lead to more(or fewer) vascular plant remains in the sediments and stronger(or weaker) denitrification associated with hypolimnetic anoxia,resulting in lower(or higher) δ15N values.In addition,dry(or wet) conditions would favor weakened(or strengthened) biogeochemical activity in the catchment,which could result in less(or more) external input of15N-enriched OM,thus leading to decreased(or increased) δ15N values.Our results indicate that the lake sediment δ15N record in the Nanling Mountains has the potential to provide valuable insight into past East Asian monsoon climatedriven environmental changes.     

Responses in growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of four oleaginous microalgae to different nitrogen sources and concentrations

Nitrogen deficiency is an effective strategy for enhancing lipid production in microalgae. Close relationships exist among lipid production, microalgal species, and nitrogen sources. We report growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition in four microalgae （Chloroeoccum ellipsoideum UTEX972, Chlorococcum nivale LB2225, Chlorococcum tatrense UTEX2227, and Scenedesmus deserticola JNU19） under nitrate- and urea-nitrogen deficiencies. We found three patterns of response to nitrogen deficiency： Type-A （decrease in biomass and increase in lipid content）, Type-B （reduction in both biomass and lipid content）, and Type-C （enhancement of both biomass and lipid content）. Type-C microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale oil production. Chlorococcum ellipsoideum, for example, exhibited a neutral lipid production of up to 239.6 mg/（L＇d） under urea-nitrogen deficiency. In addition, nitrogen deficiency showed only a slight influence on lipid fractions and fatty acid composition. Our study provides useful information for further screening hyper-lipid microalgal strains for biofuel production.     

Lagged response of phytoplanktonic photosynthetic competence to variation of nitrogen concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Fluorescence-based maximal photochemical efficiency, Fv/Fm, is widely used as an indicator to photosynthetic competence in marine systems. It has been considered a useful parameter diagnosing the nutrient stress on phytoplankton photosynthesis, but many studies argue its usefulness. In the present study, we try to find a temporal relationship between Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration, and provide a possible explanation on the controversy. We continuously measured Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration once every 10 days from September 2003 to March 2004 at two stations in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China. It was found that Fv/ffm did not significantly correlate to synchronous nitrogen concentration, but the variation （i.e. the change between two adjacent cruises） of nitrogen concentration of the previous cruise and the variation ofFv/Fm of the current cruise were strongly correlated. This result indicates that a time lag exists between the variation of nutrient status and the subsequent Fv/Fm response. Length of the time lag seems just matched the interval of our measurements （10 days）. In the field, direct dependence of Fv/Fm on nitrogen concentration may not be found because of the lagged response of Fv/Fm to nitrogen concentration variations or physiological acclimation. Our results provide a possible way to explain the previously reported conflicting results on the relationship between Fv/Fm and nutrient status. To give a more-accurate estimate about the length of the time lag, an investigation that includes more frequent measurements is needed.     

珠江三角洲环境梯度上葫芦藓中硫、氮含量 和δ13C、δ15N的差异及其环境指示

以华南地区广泛分布的葫芦藓为研究对象,以珠江三角洲环境梯度上的中心城区广州、近郊区肇庆及边缘区怀集3个地理单元作为样品采集地,对样本葫芦藓植物中的硫、氮元素含量和δ13C、δ15N的组成进行了研究。结果表明：葫芦藓植物中硫含量与工业化程度表现出正相关关系,其中硫含量广州、肇庆和怀集依次为2 485.86、1 778.15、1 339.84 mg/kg;葫芦藓氮含量与工业化程度表现出正相关关系,广州、肇庆和怀集依次为 2 106.50mg/kg、2 007.39mg/kg和1 661.88 mg/kg;葫芦藓的C/N值与交通量呈负相关关系,其中C/N值广州为18.377,肇庆18.513,怀集23.905,3地C/N值大小差异揭示了从广州到怀集的环境梯度上,大气氮的主要组份发生了变化,即广州大气中的氮元素来源以工业排放的NOx-N（硝态氮）为主,怀集大气中的氮元素来源以农业排放的NHx-N（铵态氮）为主。     

太湖流域长兴县浅层地下水氮污染特征及影响因素研究

对太湖流域长兴县浅层地下水的氮污染进行了系统的调查与研究,共取地下水样43个并测定了其三氮含量.结果表明氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的超标率分别为13.95％、16.27％和16.27％.三氮污染最严重的地区主要为农业活动集中区,即夹浦镇、小浦镇、洪桥镇和虹星桥镇等,其中虹星桥镇硝酸盐污染最为严重,高达22mg/L.采用地质统计学方法对太湖流域长兴县43个浅层地下水样“三氮”含量进行了区域空间变异分析,结果表明长兴县地下水NO3-N和NO2-N浓度变异函数满足球状模型,而NH3-N浓度变异函数为高斯模型,硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮浓度的空间自相关距离分别为9.98、1.51和3.82kmn.对硝酸盐污染因素进行了分析,结果表明:硝酸盐浓度与氮肥使用量呈明显正相关关系,年平均施肥量(以N计)为300kg/ha地区平均硝酸盐氮浓度达6.7mg/L,年平均施肥量(以N计)为100kg/ha地区平均硝酸盐氮浓度为2.2mg/L;地下水硝酸盐与地下水位埋深有直接关系,埋深较浅(1～3m)地区的硝酸盐浓度较高;当土地利用类型相同时,硝酸盐氮浓度与人口密度具有线性正相关关系.     

乳山湾外低氧海域沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷及其形态特征分析

根据2009年8月在乳山湾及其毗邻海域的综合调查,分析了该海域表层沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷含量及其组成形态的变化,初步探讨了影响底质理化参数变化的原因及对乳山湾外近岸底层低氧形成的影响.结果表明,乳山湾外近海为粉砂质岸滩,以细颗粒为主;底质中有机碳含量介于0.49％ ～0.93％,平均值为0.69％;总氮含量介于382～1020 mg/kg,平均值为671 mg/kg;可溶性总氮含量介于23.0 ～ 60.0 mg/kg,平均值为44.0mg/kg,其中可溶性有机氮和氨氮分别占可溶性总氮的58.8％和38.8％;总磷含量介于138～769 mg/kg,平均值为356 mg/kg,有机磷是占有绝对优势的磷形态(62.5％).研究区域沉积物中总氮和湾内相当,有机碳、总磷含量普遍低于乳山湾内,但均明显高于南黄海区域,且呈还原性状态.调查区域内沉积物中相对较高的有机碳、氮、磷可能是在潮流作用下乳山湾与外海的物质交换所致,其耗氧过程是导致底层溶解氧亏损的重要原因,值得进一步关注.     

渤海油田氮气泡沫段塞调驱研究与应用

结合渤海油田开采现状及海上作业条件要求,提出了氮气泡沫段塞调驱措施实现对老油田的挖潜控水。氮气泡沫段塞驱油实验结果表明,在总注入量相同条件下,段塞式注入泡沫好于连续注入方式,且3个泡沫段塞好于2个泡沫段塞的调驱效果,其中＂连续注入泡沫＂方案相比水驱提高采收率为19.7%,＂2个泡沫段塞＂方案提高23.5%,＂3个泡沫段塞＂方案提高31.7%;矿场应用表明,泡沫段塞式注入可以取得很好的降水增油效率,实验井组共计13口油井,其中12口逐步见效,见效率高达92.3%,平均日增油50 m3左右,累增油14 703 m3,展现了氮气泡沫段塞调驱的技术应用潜力。