蠲痹历节清方对高尿酸血症模型大鼠干预作用的实验研究

目的：研究蠲痹历节清方对高尿酸血症模型大鼠的干预作用及机制。方法：将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,苯溴马隆组,蠲痹历节清方低、中、高剂量组,每组各10只。采用连续8d氧嗪酸钾100 mg/kg腹腔注射和次黄嘌呤500 mg/kg灌胃的方法复制高尿酸血症大鼠模型。实验第4天给予造模剂30 min后,各组分别予对应治疗药物干预,连续5 d。检测各组血尿酸（SUA）、血肌酐（SCr）和血尿素氮（BUN）含量,并观察肾脏组织病理变化。结果：与空白组比较,模型组大鼠SUA、BUN升高（P<0.05）,肾脏病理改变明显,提示造模成功;与模型组比较,蠲痹历节清方低、中、高剂量组SUA、BUN均降低,且随着剂量升高,SUA水平下降越明显（P<0.05）,各给药组大鼠肾脏组织病理改变较模型组均有不同程度的改善;各组SCr水平组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：蠲痹历节清方有明显的降尿酸作用,可改善模型大鼠肾脏组织病理损伤,保护肾功能,且降尿酸作用与肾损伤的治疗效果随着给药剂量的增加而越显著。     

2020年冬季大亚湾西南海域主要渔业生物碳氮稳定同位素研究

为了解大亚湾西南海域食物网的营养结构特征, 本研究于2020年1月份使用底拖网采集了该海域的渔业生物, 并分析了35种主要渔业生物的碳氮稳定同位素值。根据δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值, 计算出该海域食物网6种营养结构的生态指标和主要渔业生物的营养级, 并绘制了连续营养谱。本次调查渔业生物主要为鱼类和虾蟹类, 鱼类的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值范围分别为-17.63‰ ~ -14.85‰和12.92‰~15.46‰, 平均值分别为-16.47‰和13.80‰; 虾蟹类的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值范围分别为-17.67‰ ~ -15.51‰和11.05‰~12.62‰, 平均值分别为-16.30‰和11.85‰。根据δ¹⁵N值, 用相加模型(trophic position by the additive model, TPA)和缩比模型(trophic position by the scaled model, TPS)分别计算了主要渔业生物的营养级, 结果显示两个模型计算的结果无显著性差异(P>0.1), 呈现鱼类平均营养级>虾蟹类的趋势。本研究发现大亚湾西南海域食物网初始食物来源较为单一, 存在食物链营养层级较少和长度不足, 食物网营养级多样性较低和营养结构冗余程度高的现象。与30多年前相比, 大亚湾近年高营养级生物量减少, 食物网结构由复杂趋向简单化, 生态系统稳定性较差。本研究结果不仅为了解大亚湾食物网结构组成提供了基础资料, 也为保护大亚湾渔业资源, 维持生态系统结构的稳定性提供参考依据。     

黑土区土壤有机质和全氮含量遥感反演研究

以东北典型黑土区耕地为研究区,以Sentinel-2A（全球环境与安全监测计划的第二颗卫星,于2015年6月23日发射）影像作为数据源,构建光谱指数,分别采用多元逐步线性回归（Multiple Stepwise Linear Regression, MSLR）和随机森林（Random Forest, RF）算法建立土壤有机质（SOM）和土壤全氮（STN）预测模型,并采用十折交叉验证方法评估模型的性能。研究对比分析了不同气候、土壤类型和地形下土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布差异。研究表明：① 海伦示范区的SOM和STN含量最高,其年均温最低,高程最高,年降水量多,SOM含量升高,其年均温最低,年降水量多,STN含量升高;② 与基于多元逐步线性回归算法建立的SOM和STN预测模型相比,随机森林算法建立的SOM和STN预测模型,有着更高的精度和稳定性;③ 运用RF算法建立的SOM反演模型的R²为0.96,均方根误差为5.49 g/kg,STN反演模型的R²为0.95,均方根误差为0.27 g/kg; ④ 不同示范区统一建立SOM和STN预测模型,有助于提高预测精度,实现跨区域建模与制图。     

藏东南色季拉山林线物种方枝柏的叶寿命

作为叶经济学谱系中的一个关键指标,叶寿命是植物为了获得最大化光合碳收获的重要适应策略。由于很难鉴别越冬芽鳞痕以及区别不同叶龄叶片,鲜有研究关注柏科物种的叶寿命,使得我们对该类群的叶经济学谱系研究缺乏了解。基于此,我们对西藏东南部色季拉山不同海拔、不同冠层高度的方枝柏叶寿命和单位重量的叶氮含量(N;)开展了调查分析。结果表明,方枝柏平均叶寿命约为4.2±1.2年,总体上不同海拔间叶寿命差异不明显。随树冠高度的垂直变化,叶寿命总体上并未表现出明显的线性变化趋势。随叶寿命的增加,N;呈现降低趋势。进一步分析了叶寿命与对应绿色小枝长度的关系,发现二者关系不显著或解释度极低,表明小枝长度不能很好地预测叶寿命的变化。总的来说,在高山林线以及邻近的亚高山地区,海拔和冠高的变化对方枝柏叶寿命的影响较小,而叶寿命与叶氮含量的关系符合叶的经济学法则。     

氮氧同位素和水化学解析昭通盆地地下水硝酸盐来源及对环境的影响

[研究目的]由于人类活动的影响,地下水硝酸盐(NO3-)污染越来越严重.[研究方法]利用水化学和硝酸盐氮氧同位素(δ15NNO3与δ18ONO3)研究云南昭通盆地地下水NO3-来源与转化过程,用SIAR模型定量计算泉水和民井中不同NO3?来源的比例.[研究结果]结果表明:(1)研究区钻孔水水质良好,但19％的泉水NO3...     

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。     

A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater

Routine determination of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is performed in numerous laboratories around the world using one of three families of methods: UV oxidation (UV), persulfate oxidation (PO), or high temperature combustion (HTC). Essentially all routine methods measure total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and calculate DON by subtracting the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). While there is currently no strong suggestion that any of these methods is inadequate, there are continuing suspicions of slight inaccuracy by UV methods.This is a report of a broad community methods comparison where 29 sets (7 UV, 13 PO, and 9 HTC) of TDN analyses were performed on five samples with varying TDN and DIN concentrations. Analyses were done in a “blind” procedure with results sent to the first author. With editing out one set of extreme outliers (representing 5 out of 145 ampoules analyzed), the community comparability for analyzing the TDN samples was in the 8–28% range (coefficient of variation representing one standard deviation for the five individual samples by 28 analyses). When DIN concentrations were subtracted uniformly (single DIN value for each sample), the comparability was obviously worse (19–46% cv). This comparison represents a larger and more diverse set of analyses, but the overall comparability is only marginally better than that of the Seattle workshop of a decade ago. Grouping methods, little difference was seen other than inconclusive evidence that the UV methods gave TDN values for several of the samples higher than HTC methods. Since there was much scatter for each of the groups of methods and for all analyses when grouped, it is thought that more uniformity in procedures is probably needed. An important unplanned observation is that variability in DIN analyses (used in determining the final analyte in most UV and PO methods) is essentially as large as the variability in the TDN analyses.This exercise should not be viewed as a qualification exercise for the analysts, but should instead be considered a broad preliminary test of the comparison of the families of methods being used in various laboratories around the world. Based on many independent analyses here, none of the routinely used methods appears to be grossly inaccurate, thus, most routine TDN analyses being reported in the literature are apparently accurate. However, it is not reassuring that the ability of the international community to determine DON in deep oceanic waters continues to be poor. It is suggested that as an outgrowth of this paper, analysts using UV and PO methods experiment and look more carefully at the completeness of DIN conversion to the final analyte and also at the accuracy of their analysis of the final analyte. HTC methods appear to be relatively easy and convenient and have potential for routine adoption. Several of the authors of this paper are currently working together on an interlaboratory comparison on HTC methodology.     

Total nitrogen inflow and outflow from a large river swamp basin to the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract

River corridor wetland restoration and freshwater diversion from the lower Mississippi River are being considered as two major options to reduce nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico. However, it is largely uncertain how much nitrogen can actually be retained from the overflowing waters by these wetland systems. This study quantified the nitrogen inflow and outflow for the largest distributary basin of the Mississippi River, the Atchafalaya River Swamp basin. The goal of the study was to seek answers to three critical questions: (a) Does the Atchafalaya River Swamp remove a significant amount of nitrogen from the overflowing water, or is it releasing more nitrogen into the Gulf? (b) How do the nitrogen removal or release rates fluctuate seasonally and annually? (c) What are the relationships between the nitrogen removal capacity and the hydrological conditions in the basin such as river stage and discharge? By utilizing the long-term (1978–2002) river discharge and water quality data, monthly and annual nitrogen fluxes were quantified, and their relationships with the basin hydrological conditions investigated. A total nitrogen—sum of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen (NO₃+NO₂)—mass input—output balance between the upstream (Simmesport) and downstream (Morgan City and Wax Lake Outlet) locations was established to examine the nitrogen removal potential for this, the largest freshwater swamp basin in North America. The results from this study showed that, over the past 25 years, the Atchafalaya River Swamp basin acted as a source for NO₃+NO₂ nitrogen, although the average annual output of NO₃+NO₂ nitrogen (174 584 Mg) was only slightly higher (2.3%) than the average annual input of NO₃+NO₂ nitrogen (170 721 Mg). The higher NO₃+NO₂ mass outflow occurred throughout summer and autumn, indicating an active role of biological processes on nitrogen in the overflowing waters of the Atchafalaya. However, this swamp basin has served as a major sink for organic nitrogen: the annual averages of TKN mass input and output were 200 323 and 145 917 Mg year^?1, respectively, presenting a 27.2% removal rate by the basin. This large TKN reduction appeared high during springs and low during late summers, corresponding with the fluctuation of the hydrological conditions of the river.     

Gender Differences in Chronic Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution—A Simulation Study of Working Females and Males

The objective of this study was to identify spatial variability in exposure to outdoor traffic-related air pollution with specific emphasis on comparing exposure estimates for working females and males across a metropolitan area. A spatial exposure simulation model was used to estimate annual average exposure to traffic-related nitrogen dioxide for males and females reporting regular work in census tracts other than that of their residence, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The model produced estimates of annual average exposure in six microenvironments (home indoor, work indoor, other indoor, outdoor, in-vehicle to work, and in-vehicle other) using time-activity patterns and work flow data, for males and females in each of 382 census tracts. This allowed for the identification of spatial variations in exposure estimates for each gender, due to mobility within the study region. Indoor sources of nitrogen dioxide were not included in the simulation. No significant differences in estimated total exposure were found between working females and males in general. Small but observable spatial differences, however, were found between working females and males at the 90th percentile of the exposure distributions associated specifically with the work indoor microenvironment. These were highest in suburban areas (+3 μ g/m³ for females, relative to total exposures in the range of 26 to 37 μ g/m³ annual average hourly nitrogen dioxide). These results identify specific geographic locations in the study area where personal monitoring studies might be warranted and suggest that the inclusion of workplace locations in multivariate modeling could be useful to further understand differences in estimated exposures.     

不同氮浓度对红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)生长、孢囊形成和生源要素组成的影响

为阐明红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)对氮营养条件的适应机制,本研究在不同氮浓度条件下对红色赤潮藻进行一次性培养,系统研究了氮浓度对红色赤潮藻生长、休眠孢囊形成和细胞生源要素组成的影响。结果显示,红色赤潮藻生长率随着初始氮浓度的增加而增大, 200μmol/L氮添加组生长率最大,为0.79/d。不同氮处理组细胞形态存在差异,低氮条件下藻细胞个体变小。培养第6天,各氮处理组均观察到休眠孢囊,且随着培养时间的延长,孢囊数量逐渐增多;50μmol/L氮添加组孢囊形成率最高,为2.95%±0.16%。氮浓度对红色赤潮藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮含量随氮浓度的升高而增加,其C:N:P也随氮浓度的增加而增加。红色赤潮藻生长过程中,加氮处理组细胞在指数期碳、氮、磷含量较低,稳定期含量较高;相关性分析表明,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮、磷含量与藻生长率之间呈显著负相关关系(P 0.05)。不同氮浓度对红色赤潮藻的生长、休眠孢囊形成和藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,为揭示红色赤潮藻对氮营养条件的适应机制提供参考。