上海滨岸潮滩水沉积物中无机氮的季节性变化

对长江口南翼上海滨岸带3个站点潮滩上覆水，沉积物和间隙水中的3态无机氮的含量分布的年度季节性监测研究表明：潮滩上覆水中溶解无机氮以NO3－N为主：表层沉积物中可交换态无机氮以NH4－N为主，约占70％－85％，沉积物间隙水中主要无机氮为NH4－N和NO3－N。潮滩水体中NH4－N的季节性变化幅度不大，而NO3－N和NO2－N的季节性变化明显，在冬季含量明显降低；但沉积物和间隙水中氮氨和硝态氮的浓度在冬季则有较大增加。初步探讨了潮滩水和沉积物中无机氮分布季节性变化的主要影响因素，估算了潮滩表层沉积物－水界面无机氮的扩散通量，指出NH4－N的扩散释放对滨岸水环境质量影响较大。     

湿地土壤有机质和全氮含量分布特征对比研究——以向海与科尔沁自然保护区为例

研究了土壤有机质及全氮在霍林河中下游的科尔沁和向海两个自然保护区湿地表层土壤中的水平分布及其在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征。结果表明，与科尔沁自然保护区相比，向海自然保护区的空间分异程度较高，其表层对有机质及全氮的持留作用较强，碳的固定速率比氮累积更慢一些；盐碱化程度较高，湿地植被净化效应较显著；pH值对有机质和全氮的影响也更为显著。     

ALPINE AREAS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE AS MONITORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE*

ABSTRACT. The presence of a seasonal snowpack in alpine environments can amplify climate signals. A conceptual model is developed for the response of alpine ecosystems in temperate, midlatitude areas to changes in energy, chemicals, and water, based on a case study from Green Lakes Valley–Niwot Ridge, a headwater catchment in the Colorado Front Range. A linear regression shows the increase in annual precipitation of about 300 millimeters from 1951 to 1996 to be significant. Most of the precipitation increase has occurred since 1967. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in wetfall at the Niwot Ridge National Atmospheric Deposition Program site roughly doubled between 1985–1988 and 1989–1992. Storage and release of strong acid anions, such as those from the seasonal snowpack in an ionic pulse, have resulted in episodic acidification of surface waters. These biochemical changes alter the quantity and quality of organic matter in high‐elevation catchments of the Rocky Mountains. Affecting the bottom of the food chain, the increase in nitrogen deposition may be partly responsible for the current decline of bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountains.     

太湖蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷控制阈值分析

藻类生长与营养盐浓度存在藻类几何级数增长的营养盐浓度变化的下限阈值和藻类生长不受氮磷浓度增加影响的上限阈值,但由于蓝藻水华的形成受多种因素的综合影响,不同湖泊、不同区域及不同时段的氮磷浓度对蓝藻水华的影响差别较大,使得蓝藻生长的氮磷控制阈值难以确定.针对控制蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷阈值的研究虽然有所开展,但多集中在实验室研究阶段或对经验值的判断,虽然也有基于野外实测数据的研究,但也限制于某一特定区域,而基于野外长序列实测数据并且覆盖整个湖泊的氮磷阈值研究则是空白.太湖作为具有较高营养背景的富营养化浅水湖泊,蓝藻水华的发生受氮磷影响较大.对太湖总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度的时空变化分析发现,太湖西北湖区的TP、TN与Chl.a浓度明显较高,并且TP、TN与Chl.a均呈显著性正相关.为探究太湖蓝藻水华暴发的TP和TN控制阈值,以轻富营养化等级下的Chl.a分级标准(10,26］作为表征水华暴发的条件,采用郑丙辉等的频率分布法,确定了太湖蓝藻水华暴发的TP和TN控制阈值分别为0.05~0.06和1.71~1.72 mg/L;通过空间验证,太湖藻型区TP和TN浓度远高于同级营养水平下全湖区TP和TN控制阈值,表明藻型区高氮磷水平为蓝藻水华发生提供充足营养盐条件,即使氮磷全湖平均浓度控制在蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷阈值水平之下,但在气象水文等因素适宜条件下,藻型区水华发生风险仍然较高;并且在高氮磷背景下,即便在水华发生风险低的季节,水华发生风险仍然较大.近十几年来,虽然太湖经历了大规模的高强度治理,但由于环太湖流域的湖西区入湖负荷占比大,导致太湖藻型区氮磷浓度仍处于高位运行状态,为蓝藻水华的暴发提供了充足的营养盐基础,因此,湖西区的控源减排仍然是太湖富营养化及蓝藻水华防控的重点.     

Solute concentrations of overland flow water in a cultivated field: spatial variations,intra‐ and inter‐storm trends

Major solute concentrations in overland flow water (OFW) were measured in an agricultural field of Brittany (western France). Two storm events were monitored in detail to examine the short time‐scale processes. During one year, samples were taken at different positions on the slope after each storm event to describe the spatial and seasonal variations of OFW chemistry. Although the total dissolved load in OFW is not much higher than in rain water, distinctive features are observed. K⁺, Ca²⁺, NH₄ , Cl⁻ and SOare the major solutes. The main origin of the elements (sea salts, exchangeable soil complex or fertilizers) determined most of the variations observed. Spatial variations along the slope are mainly seen for exchangeable cations, while seasonal variations are predominant for sea salts. Rainfall intensity and suspended sediment load induce strong differences between the two storm events studied in detail. However, the within‐storm variations and the seasonal monitoring show that this relationship is complex. Within‐storm variations suggest that, in addition to desorption processes, mixing with pre‐event water may occur. The lack of a relationship between sediment load and dissolved load is attributed to the high rate of the exchange processes, which has been checked by a simple experiment in vitro. It is concluded that the conditions of the transit of water on the field (velocity, length, status of the surface, crusted or not) may well play a major role in the chemical changes between rain water and OFW. The results suggest that vegetated buffer strips designed to reduce the sediment load only, and not the amount of overland flow, will have little effect on the transfer of dissolved pollutants to the watercourses. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation colorado rocky mountain basin

Measured, calculated and simulated values were combined to develop an annual nitrogen budget for Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) in the Colorado Front Range. Nine-year average wet nitrogen deposition values were 1·6 (s=0·36) kg NO₃-N ha⁻¹, and 1·0 (s=0·3) kg NH₄-N ha⁻¹. Assuming dry nitrogen deposition to be half that of measured wet deposition, this high elevation watershed receives 3·9 kg N ha⁻¹. Although deposition values fluctuated with precipitation, measured stream nitrogen outputs were less variable. Of the total N input to the watershed (3·9 kg N ha⁻¹ wet plus dry deposition), 49% of the total N input was immobilized. Stream losses were 2·0 kg N ha⁻¹ (1125 kg measured dissolved inorganic N in 1992, 1–2 kg calculated dissolved organic N, plus an average of 203 kg algal N from the entire 660 ha watershed). Tundra and aquatic algae were the largest reservoirs for incoming N, at approximately 18% and 15% of the total 2574 kg N deposition, respectively. Rocky areas and forest stored the remaining 11% and 5%, respectively. Fully 80% of N losses from the watershed came from the 68% of LVWS that is alpine. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下水氮污染治理的探索试验

太行山前石家庄平原区地下水多存在氮污染问题,该文应用已优化制备的生物脱氮菌剂并结合工业乙醇碳源的一同使用,在由一现场渗流区概化制作的多孔介质模型--中细砂箱中,作了一定水流条件下的生物脱氮除污模拟试验探索.结果显示,以一定时段作考察,在投源点位置附近及水流下游的一定范围内,该实施方法可高效去除地下水中的氮污染.为指导野外现场地下水污染的治理,提供科学依据.     

准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区块现今油气运移方向研究

根据石油成熟度梯度、原油中吡咯类含氮化合物丰度和异构体参数变化特征以及原油中高分子量正构烷烃的分布特征,结合车—莫古隆起的构造演化,探讨了准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区块油藏可能的油气运移方向。结果表明,研究区原油间运移分馏效应十分复杂,近期原油主要运移方向是由南向北,即油气是从南部的征1井区向沙1井、庄1井区运移。     

乌梁素海氮污染及其空间分布格局

针对草型富营养化湖泊乌梁素海富营养化日趋严重和湿地面积逐渐萎缩的现实,本文系统地研究了TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N在上覆水与沉积物中的分布规律。结果表明,上覆水中TN含量平均为1.78mg/L,且无机氮污染以NH4+-N为主,占无机氮总量的69%以上;表层沉积物中氮素的水平分布格局均体现出西高东低的经向分异特征并主要以Org-N的形式存在;表层沉积物中TN对底栖生物已经具有一定的生态毒性效应并正由最低级向严重级过渡;氮素在乌梁素海沉积剖面上均表现出随深度增加而含量递减的规律,表层0¹0cm的TN平均含量达到1.28g/kg,分别为10²2cm和22⁴0cm的1.6和1.9倍,揭示了乌梁素海富营养化进程加速始于20世纪90年代。     

凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法测定沉积物中全氮含量的异同及其意义

氮循环是生物地球化学研究领域中最重要的课题之一,全氮含量的测定是农业、生物和环境等多领域研究中的常规测试项目。凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法作为常规方法通用于上述领域的全氮含量测定,但两种方法在实际应用中的差异却常被忽视。通过对中国北方某盐湖沉积物序列近百个样品的全氮含量分析,对两种方法测定结果的异同进行了对比研究。凯氏蒸馏法的分析精密度高于元素分析仪法(前者标准偏差为0.007,后者为0.024),但在样品硝态和亚硝态氮的含量较高时,凯氏蒸馏法所测结果显著低于元素分析仪法的测定结果,此时选择元素分析仪法进行全氮含量的测定更为可靠和准确;对硝态和亚硝态氮含量极低的样品,两种方法的测定结果无显著差异。研究表明,选择全氮含量的测定方法,必须对所测样品的无机氮含量有初步的了解。对于中国北方的多数盐湖和地表环境样品,由于其无机氮的含量较高,选择凯氏蒸馏法进行全氮含量的测定是不适当的。尽管如此,对所研究的湖泊沉积物剖面而言,两种方法的对比却可以提供有价值的气候和环境演变信息。随着沉积物剖面的由深到浅,两种方法的测定结果由一致变化到存在显著差异,表明了湖泊水体从早期的淡水向今天的盐湖演化的过程。因此,凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法测定结果的差异可以作为一种独立的地球化学气候代用指标。