藏东南泥石流沟纵剖面演化的最小功模式

西藏东南地区的泥石流可分为雨水、冰雪融水和冰湖溃决等3种成因类型,其沟谷纵剖面演化均遵循最小功原理,即通过调整坡降使流速增大,表现为单位流体的全程流速平均值ū与纵剖面形态指数N正相关:ū∝f(N),对雨水型泥石流沟,流速函数f(N)={1/3-2/[(N+1)(N+2)(N+3)]}^1/2;对融水型泥石流沟,f(N)={2/3-2/[(N+1)(N+3)]}^1/2;对溃决型泥石流沟,f(N)=[NP(N+1)]^2/3。在泥石流沟谷演化进程中,与ū值由小变大相应,N值由小变大,沟谷纵剖面从上凸抛物线形变为下凹抛物线形,泥石流沟谷地貌演化阶段按泥石流孕育阶段、发展阶段、旺盛阶段、衰减阶段的顺序演替。以藏东南典型泥石流沟作为实例,检验了上述沟谷地貌演化的模式与规律。     

Discrete simulations of a triaxial compression test for sand by DEM

A quasi‐static homogeneous drained triaxial compression test on cohesionless sand under constant lateral pressure was simulated using a three‐dimensional discrete element method. Grains were modelled by means of particle clusters composed of rigid spheres or spheres with contact moments imitating irregular particle shapes. Attention was paid to the effect of initial void ratio and grain shape mixture on the shear strength, volume changes, force chains, kinetic, elastic and dissipated energies. In addition, the effect of the mean grain size, grain size distribution, grain size range, specimen size and roughness and stiffness of boundaries was numerically analysed in initially dense sand. Some numerical results were compared with available experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于动态图像法的河流砂和湖滩砂粒形-粒度特征对比

对沉积颗粒大小、形态特征的量化和解释,是沉积动力条件分析和古地理重建的重要内容之一.图像法作为粒度分析的标准,长期受制于样本量小、效率低等困难.基于动态图像法的新型粒度粒形分析系统可在几分钟内获取多达n×107个颗粒的形状和大小信息,为沉积环境重建和动力条件分析提供了新的机会.本文基于两组样品(青藏高原的湖滩砂和黄河中游的河流砂)的动态图像粒度粒形数据,定量分析和对比了湖滩与河流两种环境沉积颗粒的粒度、粒形特征及其异同.结果表明,样品组成颗粒的球度与均值粒度之间整体上存在明显的反相关,球度-粒度曲线可大致划分为斜率不等的三段:占据颗粒绝大多数的中段(C.S.)球度适中,斜率最小;细端(F.T.)球度大,斜率也大;粗端(C.T)球度小,斜率小且不稳定.结合天然沉积颗粒的形状和密度特征,本文认为这些不同斜率的段落可能源于沉积颗粒密度效应和形状效应导致的粒度分异.对比研究表明,湖滩砂与河流砂在粒形-粒度曲线形态与分段特征方面均存在明显差异,两组样品在不同粒形参数(球度—长宽比—凹凸度)三角图和不同球度分段所对应颗粒体积百分比(C.T.-C.S.-F.T.)三角图中均能完全分离.这些事实表明基于动态图像分析的粒度粒形分析可望成为一种潜在的第四纪环境重建工具,在环境研究中有助于对天然沉积物物源特征以及风化、侵蚀、搬运和堆积过程的认识和理解.     

水下滑翔器整体外形设计及水动力性能分析

对水下滑翔器的整体外形设计与水动力性能进行研究。在Slocum等几种典型水下滑翔器样机的基础上,对滑翔器的主体和附体进行一体化设计,得到阻力最小的新型水下滑翔器构型设计。利用CFD方法对水下滑翔器进行模拟仿真,通过分析对比五种主体构型,得到了比较合理的主体线型,然后用正交设计方法和曲线拟合法对附体进行了优选工作,最后得到了性能更优的整体载体外形。模拟仿真实验表明,滑翔器在8°左右攻角航行时,具有最大的升阻比;和Slocum等经典样机相比,新的载体具有更好的水动力性能。通过上述研究工作,也可以缩短水下滑翔器研制周期,降低设计成本,并为水下滑翔器的更优设计提供了有力的技术指导和参考。     

海底地基形位测量仪研制与海上试验研究

为了实现对海洋平台海底地基形位进行高效精细测量,基于多波束测深原理研制了拥有自主知识产权国产首套海底地基形位测量仪;文中给出海底地基形位测量仪的工作原理、系统组成,设计方案和主要关键技术,并在对该设备进行水池测试的基础上进一步开展了JZ20-2MUQ石油钻井平台海上外场实地测量试验研究,并对测量数据进行了细致处理获得了平台桩腿受冲刷影响形成的坑形信息;与传统潜水员探摸结果进行比对的结果表明该设备技术先进、测量结果有效可信,可以为海洋平台地基基础测试分析与安全评估提供重要的桩基形位信息。     

一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法

利用分类方法快速更新基础地理信息数据是保持其现势性的一种重要方法,分类后变化检测是其中一个难点.文章提出一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法,将提取的面状地理要素与待更新要素对比,计算两者多边形质心距离、形状系数、周长和面积相似程度等几何特征来判断要素是否发生变化,从而进行更新.实验结果表明,该方法能处理分类后多...     

北京2009年“1101”暴雪的形成机制

利用多种新观测资料,对2009年11月1日北京出现的60年来降雪量最大的初雪过程的发生、发展特征进行分析,并探讨了暴雪形成机制。结果表明:此次初冬暴雪过程是在500 hPa东亚大槽斜压发展、低层锋区较强的背景下,由华北锢囚锋强迫所致。该锢囚锋是贝加尔湖南下冷空气在华北燕山和太行山地形影响下变为低层东西两股冷空气相向挤压的产物;伴随锢囚锋的形成,在北京西南37°~40°N之间形成狭窄水汽输送通道,为锢囚锋降水提供必需的水汽条件。锢囚锋区结构浅薄,主要存在于850 hPa层以下,为垂直东倾的冷式锢囚;东倾结构决定了降水落区,北京恰处于地面锢囚锋东侧的锢囚锋区中;而锢囚锋浅薄的垂直结构则决定了其强迫抬升运动并不深厚,故暴雪是降雪时间长、累积量大的结果。另外,北京雨转雪的发生是因降雪前近地面层气温下降较快接近冰点的缘故,降温主要源于雪前降雨在近地面层蒸发冷却的贡献;低层东路冷空气的平流作用则是降雪期间近地面气温维持较低的主因。     

Influence of large woody debris on sediment scour at bridge piers

Large woody debris(LWD) reduces the flow area,deviate the flow and increases the velocity in correspondence of the bridge pier,therefore increases the maximum scour hole depth and accelerates sediment removal.Logs and drifts accumulated on bridge piers are of different dimensions.According to logs characteristics and river morphology,drift accumulations can either extend downstream the bridge pier or they can accumulate totally upstream.This paper aims to analyze the effect of drift accumulation planimetry on bridge pier scour.The experimental investigation has been carried out at the PITLAB hydraulic centre of Civil Engineering Department,University of Pisa,Italy.Drift accumulation was characterized by different relative longitudinal lengths,flow area occlusions,length of longitudinal drift and downstream planimetrical positions relative to the pier center.The experimental investigation has been carried out in clear-water conditions.Several pier sizes,channel widths and sediment materials have been tested.Maximum scour hole in presence of drift accumulation have been compared to the maximum scour hole for an isolated pier.Finally,data were compared with previous literature findings,which highlight the effect of the downstream extension of drift accumulation on bridge pier scour.New relationships have been proposed to predict the effect of drift accumulation on bridge pier scour,both in terms of relative maximum scour and temporal scour evolution.     

Extraction of real modes and physical matrices from modal testing

A technique to extract real modes from the identified complex modes is presented in this paper, which enables the normalized real mode shapes, modal masses, and full or reduced mass and stiffness matrices to be obtained. The theoretical derivation of the method is provided in detail. An 11-DOF vibration system is used to validate the algorithm, and to analyze the effects of the number of modes utilized and measurement DOFs on the extraction results. Finally, the method is used to extract real modes from both experimental modal analysis and operational modal analysis.     

Novel theoretical insights into geomorphic process–environment relationships using simulated response curves

Robust models of geomorphic process–environment relationships are important to advance theoretical knowledge of geomorphic systems. Here, we examined a generalized additive modeling (GAM) based approach to provide new theoretical insights into process–environment relationships. More precisely, we (i) simulated the shapes of the relationships between geomorphic processes and environmental variables based on GAM and (ii) compared the shapes of the simulated response curves to (a) the hypothetical curves based on theory and (b) the response curves produced by generalized linear modeling (GLM). Hitherto, GLM was the most common technique to study the relationships between environmental gradients and geomorphic processes. The study is based on empirical cryoturbation and solifluction data and environmental variables from subarctic Finland. Our results showed that non‐linear relationships were more common than linear responses and the simulated GAM based response curves coincided more closely with the hypothetical response curves than did the response curves derived from GLM. The simulated response curves showed high potential in geomorphic hypothesis testing. In conclusion, our findings indicate that careful examination of the response curves may provide new insights into theoretical debates in the earth sciences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.