Earth2014: 1 arc-min shape,topography, bedrock and ice-sheet models – Available as gridded data and degree-10,800 spherical harmonics

Since the release of the ETOPO1 global Earth topography model through the US NOAA in 2009, new or significantly improved topographic data sets have become available over Antarctica, Greenland and parts of the oceans. Here, we present a suite of new 1′ (arc-min) models of Earth’s topography, bedrock and ice-sheets constructed as a composite from up-to-date topography models: Earth2014. Our model suite relies on SRTM30_PLUS v9 bathymetry for the base layer, merged with SRTM v4.1 topography over the continents, Bedmap2 over Antarctica and the new Greenland bedrock topography (GBT v3). As such, Earth2014 provides substantially improved information of bedrock and topography over Earth’s major ice sheets, and more recent bathymetric depth data over the oceans, all merged into readily usable global grids. To satisfy multiple applications of global elevation data, Earth2014 provides different representations of Earth’s relief. These are grids of (1) the physical surface, (2) bedrock (Earth’s relief without water and ice masses), (3) bedrock and ice (Earth without water masses), (4) ice sheet thicknesses, (5) rock-equivalent topography (ice and water masses condensed to layers of rock) as mass representation. These models have been transformed into ultra-high degree spherical harmonics, yielding degree 10,800 series expansions of the Earth2014 grids as input for spectral modelling techniques. As further variants, planetary shape models were constructed, providing distances between relief points and the geocenter. The paper describes the input data sets, the development procedures applied, the resulting gridded and spectral representations of Earth2014, external validation results and possible applications. The Earth2014 model suite is freely available via http://ddfe.curtin.edu.au/models/Earth2014/.     

S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究

我国数字海图的数据结构是在标准《数字海图数据字典》中进行定义的,是根据我国的自有技术体系进行设计的,与S-57标准相差较大。目前关于我国数字海图向S-57格式数据的转换研究较多,而S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究较少。文中在对S-57标准海图及我国数字海图编码和数据结构深入研究的基础上,实现S-57标准海图向我国数字海图的转换,有利于国内相关软件对国外海图数据的使用。     

利用泰森多边形的点实体匹配算法

针对众源地理数据中的同名点实体之间存在距离、方向等非一致性偏差,导致匹配困难的问题,该文提出了基于泰森多边形的点实体匹配算法。利用相匹配的点实体数据集其对应的泰森多边形具有较高的对应关系这一特点,将不确定的点与点之间的匹配转化为匹配度更高的对应泰森多边形的匹配。首先统计出被彼此泰森多边形包含的点对,根据点对的距离概率分布,计算出距离阈值作为确认同名实体的条件之一;然后将泰森多边形的位置及形状相似性作为匹配条件二;最后将相似度最高的实体确认为同名实体。通过实验与现有的几种点实体匹配算法进行了比较,结果表明,该算法具有较高的查全率和查准率,且普适性强。     

一种基于形状先验和动态外推的道路段分割方法

针对高分辨率影像中道路提取效果不佳这一问题,该文提出了一种道路段分割方法。在经典能量函数中引入无符号距离函数表示的形状先验,用以排除非道路干扰物;引入星形形状先验能量项用以解决细小干扰物、道路内部孔洞两个问题,此时可得到一段无干扰物、无孔洞的道路;基于动态外推的思路分割出一条完整的道路段。实验表明该方法可以有效获取影像中不同形态的道路段,同时为影像分割提供有益思路。     

融合颜色-纹理模型的均值漂移分割算法

针对常规的均值漂移算法在特征空间聚类时未考虑图像的纹理信息从而导致分割精度不高的问题,该文提出了一种融合颜色-纹理模型与均值漂移的改进分割算法。首先,对原始影像进行同等组滤波和颜色量化,得到颜色-纹理模型;其次,利用均值漂移算法对滤波影像进行初始分割,得到同质性较好的初始分割区域;最后,将颜色-纹理模型及初始分割对象轮廓信息应用于区域合并过程中,结合形状特征增强分割对象的紧密性。该算法充分结合了图像的颜色、纹理特征,通过对不同类别的遥感影像的分割实验进行分析,结果表明分割效率和分割质量均得到较大提升,且具有较好的适用性、可靠性及精确性,对遥感影像中纹理信息丰富的植被、密集建筑区等具有较好的分割效果。     

河网多尺度Morphing的变换方法研究

本文基于Morphing连续变形技术的一种技术探讨河网的多尺度变换方法,主要涉及对应河流间的Morphing变换和无对应河流的河流删除这两类问题。本文首先对两个不同比例尺的对应河网进行河流匹配,确定河流的对应情况,然后以较大比例尺河网向较小比例尺河网变化的方式进行河网的多尺度变换。对于在两个不同比例尺河网中对应存在的河流,采用顾及交汇点信息及河流结构信息的形状内插方法进行Morphing变换;对于仅在较大比例尺河网中存在而在较小比例尺河网中不存在的河流,则以河流的干支总长作为其重要性标准,进而依据给定的变换程度参数删除重要性较小的河流。最后,通过实验分析与对比,验证了本文方法能够有效改善河流间的Morphing变换效果,提高河流选取的准确性。     

季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下深霜发育比较

以中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站为研究区,在2009～2010年冬季观测期利用体视显微镜(XTZ-E)及拍照设备和雪特性分析仪(Snow Fork),对3种遮挡条件的开阔地(0遮挡)、树缘(50%遮挡)和树下(90%遮挡)的积雪深霜进行连续观测,比较和分析西北季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下的深霜发育特征。研究表明:1)深霜发育主要受温度制约,其次是温度梯度。由不同遮挡条件引起积雪累积和太阳辐射差异而导致雪深不同,从而形成的温度环境差异,是深霜发育差异的根本原因。2)深霜发育厚度与雪深呈正相关关系,有开阔地(0遮挡)>树缘(50%遮挡)>树下(90%遮挡),融雪期深霜的消减速率为树下>开阔地>树缘。3)深霜冰晶粒径呈先减小(稳定累积期-过渡期)再增大(-融雪期)的变化,积雪稳定累积期后,深霜粒径开阔地>树缘>树下。4)2009～2010年冬季雪深大,因而圆角深霜(DHxr)和圆角刻面冰晶(FCxr)在深霜中发育最多,二者共占70%～80%。开阔地易发育杯型深霜(DHcp),树缘和树下则易发育柱状条纹深霜(DHla)、棱柱状深霜(DHpr)和刻面冰晶(FCso)。深霜中胶结态冰晶约占10%～30%,其比例在开阔地深霜中递减,而在树缘和树下处递增。     

近地层风能参数随高度分布的推算方法研究

应用江苏和吉林的12个测风塔资料,对两个地区的风能参数进行了统计和分析,探讨了一种用10m高度风速资料推算近地层内任意高度上平均风功率密度的新方法.结果表明:应用该方法交互拟合不同高度的平均风功率密度,平均误差4.4%,最大误差13.3%,优于指数律的平均误差7.8%,最大误差22.0%,效果较为理想.     

Natural vibration characteristics of gravity structures

A forced vibration procedure is presented to estimate fundamental and higher frequencies of vibrations and associated mode shapes of gravity structures. The gravity structures considered are retaining walls and gravity dams. The validity of the proposed procedure is tested on three test problems of varying complexity for which the natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes either have known analytical solutions or have been determined via numerical means/field tests by others. Also included are the results of natural vibration frequencies and associated mode shapes for a spillway control structure located near the abutment end of an embankment dam obtained using the proposed procedure. For all problems considered, fundamental frequency and mode shape results using the proposed procedure are compared with the results obtained using an alternative procedure in which static deflections due to the structure's own weight are used as the starting point for free vibrations by setting the gravity vector to zero. All results compare well. The merits of the proposed procedure are discussed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新月形沙丘迎风坡气流加速模拟

迎风坡气流加速是决定新月形沙丘发育和形态的动力因子，研究这一加速过程的定量关系有利于认识沙丘的发育、沙丘的形态、沙丘的运动等。通过大量的野外实测数据和前人的理论分析，得出沙丘迎风坡气流加速量主要和沙丘坡度、迎风坡前来流风速以及沙丘高度有关，并建立了新月形沙丘迎风坡气流加速和沙丘形态特征的定量关系。根据这一关系得了在风力较强的风沙环境中，沙丘坡度较小；在风力较弱的风沙环境中，沙丘坡度较陡。地表粗糙度越大，迎风坡坡度越陡。沙丘地貌发育高度存在一上限，这一上限与边界层厚度有关。