多块体形状堆石体碾压颗粒破碎数值模拟

通过6种典型堆石块体的形状近似,分别采用两种接触本构模型建立了多块体形状堆石体离散元数值模型,研究堆石体在碾压荷载作用下的颗粒破碎过程,建立颗粒破碎的量化计算方法,分析碾压前、后堆石级配曲线的变化,讨论接触本构模型和颗粒形状对块体破碎的影响。模拟结果显示,碾压荷载下堆石颗粒以张拉破碎为主,随着碾压遍数的增加,局部开始出现剪切破碎;提出的颗粒破碎量化计算方法,在大粒径范围对粒径变化幅度预测偏大,但级配曲线整体趋势与实测结果比较吻合;相比较于接触连接模型,平行连接模型与现场碾压试验结果更接近。6种块体形状的数值结果显示,随着形状系数的增加,在其他条件不变的情况下颗粒破碎率逐渐降低,其中类长方形块体在碾压荷载作用下颗粒破碎最明显。相比较于纯圆颗粒或者单一非圆颗粒,采用的6种颗粒形状建立的堆石体振动碾压离散元模型,更接近现场实际情况。     

Age,growth and natural mortality of blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus (Carangidae) from the Canary Islands,Spain (NW Africa)

Status assessment of exploited fish populations is a general requirement to ensure sustainability of fisheries in both global and local contexts. The blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich, 1825) remains unassessed in a data-limited fishery in the eastern central Atlantic, within the waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) off the coast of northwest Africa. This is the most southwestern targeted fishery in the species’ distributional range. To obtain basic life-history information, a total of 2 472 specimens were analysed, ranging from 10.2 to 31.9 cm total length, from samples collected monthly between March 2005 and March 2006. Length–weight relationships (a = 0.0023; b = 3.418; R ² = 0.97) showed no significant difference between sexes. Deposition periodicity and coherence of the ageing criteria were verified by analysis of the monthly evolution of the otolith edge. Ages were estimated by counting annual growth rings on whole otoliths, with these fish ranging from age 0 to 6 years. The von Bertalanffy growth model, which was used to estimate growth parameters from both direct readings and back-calculated length-at-age data, gave good statistical fits. The parameters from the direct readings were: L∞ = 34.9 cm; k = 0.214 y^–1; t ₀ = ?2.545 y (R ² = 0.84), and the natural mortality rates estimated from empirical methods varied between 0.20 and 0.55 y^–1.     

位场解析信号振幅极值位置空间变化规律研究

通过对单一边界、双边界、多边界以及点(线)质量模型重力异常解析信号振幅和重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅的极值位置空间变化规律研究表明,重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅和化极磁力异常解析信号振幅的极值位置相同,且与重力异常解析信号振幅的极值位置空间变化规律相似.利用位场解析信号振幅极大值位置能够准确识别单一直立边界地质体的边缘位置,但不能准确识别其它任何形体的边缘位置,其识别结果的偏移量大小随地质体的埋深、水平尺寸以及倾斜程度等变化.虽然重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅比重力异常解析信号振幅的峰值更加尖锐、横向识别能力更强,其极大值位置更靠近地质体上顶面边缘位置,但均受地质体埋深的影响较大;随着埋深的增加,位场解析信号振幅的极大值位置会快速收敛到形体的"中心位置",其轨迹类似"叉子状";且对多边界模型会出现"极大值位置盲区"而无法识别其边缘位置.通过这些理论研究表明,位场解析信号振幅只能识别单一边界地质体的边缘位置;而不宜用来识别多边界地质体的边缘位置,但可以用来识别多边界地质体的"中心位置".     

山西夏县中心地震台大地电场观测数据变化特征初探

处理、分析近年来山西夏县地震台大地电场观测数据发现,该台地电场正常日变化形态呈现"双峰双谷"特征;存在"单谷单峰"的年变化特征;对地磁暴反应明显;对山西地震带距台站300 km范围内发生的较强地震,震前存在较为明显的异常信息。该研究为正确分析、运用夏县台大地电场观测数据提供基础。     

Experimental study of a highway bridge with shape memory alloy restrainers focusing on the mitigation of unseating and pounding

This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the performance of shape memory alloy(SMA) restrainers for mitigating the pounding and unseating of highway bridges when subjected to seismic excitations.Mechanical property tests of the SMA wire used in the restrainers are conducted first to understand the pseudo-elastic characteristics of the material.Then,a series of shaking table tests are carried out on a highway bridge model.The structural responses of the highway bridge model equipped with SMA restrainers,installed in the form of deck-deck and deck-pile connections,are analyzed and compared with the uncontrolled structures.The test results of this study indicate that the SMA restrainers are not only effective in preventing unseating but also in suppressing the seismic-induced pounding of the highway bridge model used in this study.     

基于视觉的水雷目标识别方法研究

水下目标识别一直是目标识别领域的研究热点,为此,以水雷目标识别为需求背景提出了一种基于视觉的水雷目标识别方法。该方法从水雷目标形状的本质特征出发,根据几何矩的物理意义,结合区域特征和边界特征构造了三个适合于水雷目标形状描述子,采用阈值判决的方法,实现水雷目标的识别。实验结果表明,该方法比基于不变矩的方法识别率更高,具有较好的稳定性,尤其适用于水下特定形状的目标识别和目标受到部分遮挡的情况。其中水下图像处理和特征的定义方法对水下目标识别具有指导和借鉴意义。     

铁磁形状记忆合金研究进展与展望（Ⅱ）：本构模型

阐述了铁磁形状记忆合金（Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy,简写为FSMA）本构模型研究的重要性。以时间为顺序,重点介绍了FSMA本构模型研究的发展历程和研究现状。仔细分析了各种FSMA本构模型在理论基础、适用范围、精度以及复杂程度等方面的特点,讨论了各种理论应用于FSMA本构模型的局限性,指出了它们在面向应用时存在的问题。研究表明,由于FSMA兼具磁致形状记忆效应、热弹性形状记忆效应等多种独特性能,使对其本构模型的研究存在一定困难,进一步的研究还有待开展。最后指出,对既能揭示FSMA微观机理又能预测其宏观热磁力学行为的本构模型、描述FSMA所有特性的统一模型、面向应用的FSMA简化本构模型等问题,尚有待深入研究。     

隧道掘进面接近地质界面时围岩的应力特征研究

隧道开挖地层中往往呈现出明显的地质变异性,如软硬岩层的不均匀分布等,使隧道开挖后的力学行为十分复杂.本文采用FLAC3D初步分析了隧道掘进面接近地质界面时围岩的应力状态,并探讨侧向应力、纵向应力、断面形式对围岩应力的影响规律.分析结果表明:当隧道由硬岩往软岩或由软岩往硬岩向地质界面掘进时,掘进面前方围岩均有应力集中现象.隧道无论由硬岩往软岩还是由软岩往硬岩掘进至地质界面时,掘进面前方边墙位置围岩径向应力均随侧向应力的增大而增大,掘进面前方拱顶和边墙位置围岩纵向应力均随纵向应力的增大而增大.马蹄彤隧道开挖至硬岩与软岩的地质界面时,掘进面后方边墙位置围岩应力均小于圆形隧道相应位置的围岩应力.     

Evaluation of codified elastic design spectrum models for regions of low-to-moderate seismicity

Design spectrum (DS) model is typically specified in a seismic code of practice for structural design. In a region of low-to-moderate seismicity where seismic code does not exist, a DS model in a well established code of practice is usually adopted, while the suitability of such model has seldom been evaluated. In this article, the elastic DS models for reference (rock) site stipulated in six major codes of practice (AS1170.4–2007, EN1998-1:2004, GB50011–2010, IBC–2012, NBCC–2010 and NZS1170.5:2004) have been compared and scrutinized. Three cities of low-to-moderate seismicity, namely, Melbourne (Australia), Hong Kong (China) and Karlsruhe (Germany), have been selected for illustrative purposes. Particular emphasis has been put on the parameterization scheme for DS model. It is found that huge discrepancies (over 100%) exist among the models, especially at the long period range, due to differences in spectral shapes and the recommended corner periods, which would lead to undesirable effects on the use of the displacement-based seismic design approach. It is urged that the values of corner periods should be determined specifically and cautiously based on the regional seismicity pattern and local geological conditions.     

DEM modeling of pullout behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast: The effect of particle shape

The performance of a geogrid reinforced system depends heavily on the properties of interface between the interacting components (i.e., backfill soil and geogrid inclusion). The comprehensive understanding of soil-geogrid interaction requires proper consideration of the true aperture geometry and the discontinuous nature of backfill soil. Based on the calibrated parameters, this paper presents a simulation procedure using PFC3D to reproduce the realistic pull-out behaviors of a triaxial geogrid embedded in various ballast aggregates with diverse particle shapes. The load transfer behaviors across the interacting components have been visualized in terms of the evolution of bond forces along the geogrid and the evolution of contact forces across the particle assembly. Meanwhile, the inherent microscopic changes accounting for the regression of macroscopic strength and the correlation between macro pull-out force and micro anisotropy parameters have been addressed. In addition, the differences in macro performance and the particle responses produced by different shapes of particles are also systematically discussed to justify the significant role of particle geometry. The findings obtained in this study are expected to provide better understanding of soil-geogrid interaction and the improved interlocking caused by irregular ballast geometry.