春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系研究

基于1961—2017年北疆47站夏季逐日降水资料、NOAA海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用90%分位确定北疆夏季单站降水阈值,得出极端降水量,讨论了春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系。结果表明：北疆夏季极端降水和春季热带印度洋（20° S~15° N,50°~110° E）及赤道东太平洋（15° S~15° N,90°~180° W）海温呈正相关,两个关键区春季热带海温异常偏暖时,北疆夏季极端降水偏多,仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。当春季热带印度洋和赤道东太平洋关键区海温同时异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流轴明显偏南,500 hPa西西伯利亚和中亚地区低值系统活跃,南方路径输送的水汽增加,有利于北疆夏季极端降水的发生;仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流强度增强,500 hPa西西伯利亚地区低值系统活跃,配合偏东路径的水汽输送,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。     

Characterizing the influence of tide on the physico-chemical parameters and nutrient variability in the coastal surface water of the northern Bay of Bengal during the winter season

The spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters(sea surface temperature(SST), p H, sea surface salinity(SSS), dissolved oxygen(DO) and Secchi depth) along with filterable nutrients(dissolved inorganic nitrate(DIN),dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) and reactive silicate(DSi)) are measured in the winter months of November,December, January and February for four consecutive years from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 on the shallow continental shelf(20 m bathymetry) of the coastal waters(up to 18 km away from shoreline) of the northern Bay of Bengal(n Bo B) during the highest high tide(HHT) and lowest low tide(LLT) hours for the first time. The variability of the coastal biogeochemical environment is assessed during the HHT and LLT hours and for this purpose, seawater samples are collected from seven different locations of a transect in the coastal region. Physicochemical parameters(except SST) show significant difference in magnitude during the HHT and LLT hours respectively. p H, SSS and DO are found to increase in the HHT hours and vice-versa. The data reveal that during the LLT hours, a relative increase of freshwater input in the n Bo B can have elevated the nutrient concentration compared with that observed during the HHT hours. The ratio of nutrient concentration is found to deviate significantly from the Redfield ratio. The abundance of DIP is much higher compared with that of DIN and DSi.The anthropogenic sources of DIP from the upstream flow(especially the domestic effluent of several metropolises) can be mainly attributed behind such an observation. In order to characterize and establish the trend of such variation in such an important bio-climatic region, long-term and systematic ecosystem monitoring in the coastal water of the n Bo B northern Bay of Bengal should be carried out throughout the year.     

Ongoing methane discharge at well site 22/4b (North Sea) and discovery of a spiral vortex bubble plume motion

First direct evidence for ongoing gas seepage activity on the abandoned well site 22/4b (Northern North Sea, 57°55′ N, 01°38′ E) and discovery of neighboring seepage activity is provided from observations since 2005. A manned submersible dive in 2006 discovered several extraordinary intense seepage sites within a 60 m wide and 20 m deep crater cut into the flat 96 m deep seafloor. Capture and (isotope) chemical analyses of the gas bubbles near the seafloor revealed in situ concentrations of methane between 88 and 90%Vol. with δ¹³C–CH₄ values around −74‰ VPDB, indicating a biogenic origin. Bulk methane concentrations throughout the water column were assessed by 120 Niskin water samples showing up to 400.000 nM CH₄ in the crater at depth. In contrast, concentrations above the thermocline were orders of magnitude lower, with a median value of 20 nM. A dye tracer injection into the gas seeps revealed upwelling bubble and water motion with gas plume rise velocities up to ∼1 ms⁻¹ (determined near the seabed). However, the dissolved dye did not pass the thermocline, but returned down to the seabed. Measurements of direct bubble-mediated atmospheric flux revealed low values of 0.7 ± 0.3 kty⁻¹, much less than current state-of-the-art bubble dissolution models would predict for such a strong and upwelling in situ gas bubble flux at shallow water depths (i.e. ∼100 m).Acoustic multibeam water column imaging data indicate a pronounced 200 m lateral intrusion at the thermocline together with high methane concentration at this layer. A partly downward-orientated bubble plume motion is also visible in the acoustic data with potential short-circuiting in accordance to the dye experiment. This observation could partly explain the observed trapping of most of the released gas below the well-established thermocline in the North Sea. Moreover, 3D analyses of the multibeam water column data reveal that the upwelling plume transforms into a spiral expanding vortex while rising through the water column. Such a spiral vortex motion has never been reported before for marine gas seepage and might represent an important process with strong implication on plume dynamics, dissolution behavior, gas escape to the atmosphere, and is considered very important for respective modeling approaches.     

88ka以来冲绳海槽北部古环境演化:来自元素地球化学的证据

对CSH1岩心全样沉积物样品进行元素地球化学分析,揭示了过去88ka冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分、水动力条件及陆源碎屑物质源区风化历史。冲绳海槽北部碎屑沉积物母岩主要以长英质为主,在MIS 1期沉积物存在大量火山源物质。过去88ka,沉积物源区风化程度较弱,但是自冰消期以来有逐渐增强的趋势。沉积物Zr/Nb比值表明在MIS 1期和MIS 5.1期水动力较为强烈,这与黑潮增强的时间一致,可能是指示黑潮强度的一个指标。冲绳海槽北部陆坡沉积物陆源碎屑贡献在低海平面时期显著增加,而在MIS 1和MIS 5.1期生源贡献显著增加。冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分变化明显受到黑潮和入海径流的调节,实际上受海平面和东亚季风的制约。     

北黄海泥质区多环芳烃与黑碳的沉积记录

在北黄海中部泥质区采集柱状沉积物样品,对多环芳烃(PAHs)和黑碳(BC)的含量和来源进行研究。结果表明:(1)PAHs的含量变化范围为207~611ng/g;BC的含量变化范围为0.560~1.32mg/g;(2)对比低分子量(LMW)和高分子量(HMW)PAHs含量的历史变化趋势,发现1980s之前的PAHs主要来自于生物质的低温燃烧,之后主要来自于化石燃料的高温热解;(3)1920s之前,PAHs与BC含量基本保持稳定且处于较低值。1920s-1980s,PAHs含量受工业化和煤炭发展的影响较大,开始出现增长趋势。1980-1990s,由于能源消耗量的大幅度增加,导致PAHs和BC的含量迅速升高并达到最大值(1996年)。1990s初期-2000s初期,由于清洁能源的使用等原因,PAHs与BC含量都开始下降。(4)对PAHs和BC含量进行Spearman相关性分析,得出在1920年之前和1920-1980年之间,BC和PAHs含量无显著性相关(r=-0.25,P0.05,n=34;r=0.06,P0.06,n=11);而1980年之后,BC和PAHs含量呈显著性相关(r=0.90,P=0.04,n=5)。     

Testing coral paleothermometers (B/Ca,Mg/Ca,Sr/Ca,U/Ca andδ18O) under impacts of large riverine runoff

Sea surface temperature (SST) proxies including B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca andδ18O were analyzed in the skeleton of aPorites coral collected from the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Estuary (ZRE). These geo...     

极地科学数据共享平台的设计与实现

为了共享中国30年来获取的南北两极科学考察数据,基于Python语言,设计了具有数据检索、数据发布、数据申请审批、数据应用等功能的分布式共享信息系统。目前系统已对外服务,成为我国唯一向国内外开放共享的极地元数据平台,促进了更深层次的国际项目合作和数据共享。     

Quadrant-Averaged Structure and Evolution Mechanisms of a Northeast Cold Vortex during Its Mature Stage

A Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV) that maintained from 0200 UTC 3 July to 0500 UTC 3 July 2013 and caused several heavy rainfall events was analyzed in detail to reveal its quadrant-averaged structure and main maintaining mechanisms during its mature stage. Results indicated the vortex’s intensity, divergence, ascending motions, precipitable water(PW), and thermal structures were all characterized by significant unevenness, and their main pattern changed gradually during the mature stage. Mechanisms accounting for the maintenance of the NCCV were also characterized by remarkable unevenness. Within different quadrants, dominant factors for the vortex’s evolution may have differed from each other significantly. The NCCV-averaged vorticity budget revealed that the vertical advection of vorticity, which is closely related to convective activities, was the most favorable factor for maintaining the NCCV, whereas the tilting effect, which is closely related to the vertical shear of the horizontal wind(horizontal vorticity), was the most detrimental factor.     

中亚低涡研究若干进展及问题

总结了50多年来中亚低涡研究及其对新疆天气影响的主要成果,从低涡定义、时空分布特征、生命史、活动规律及其对新疆极端天气的影响,以及低涡环流配置、相应水汽输送、三维动热力结构、长维持的物理成因进行了总结。由于新疆地区天气受到的关注和研究相对较少,近些年中亚干旱气候背景下的中亚天气学发展和预报预警技术研究与东部季风区差距日益加大,致使目前“丝绸之路”核心区建设气象防灾减灾的能力严重不足。提出了中亚低涡研究待解决的问题：中亚低涡背景下中尺度结构特征和演变规律、强对流天气物理模型和中尺度分析诊断量,中亚低涡造成强对流天气的关键影响因子和预报预警指标,这些问题的研究对推进中亚天气学、短期短时天气预报技术的发展,增强防灾减灾能力具有重要意义。     

2008年7月黄淮暴雨过程中西南涡结构特征分析

对西南涡暴雨的预报不仅取决于对西南涡移动路径的把握,也与西南涡的结构及其演变密切相关。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2008年7月一次东移影响黄淮的西南涡的结构特征和暴雨机理进行分析,结果表明:西南涡的生成过程包含高原涡的耦合诱发,西南涡的生成、发展与干位涡向对流层低层扰动下传有关;中高纬冷空气与副热带高压边缘暖湿气流对峙加强了系统的斜压性,使西南涡中心向上伸展的位涡柱和正涡度柱具有向西倾斜的结构;成熟的西南涡具有中尺度非对称的显著斜压结构特征;对流层中层正涡度平流是西南涡发展和引导西南涡移动的重要因素;凝结释放大量潜热促使低层西南低涡发展,使降水增强。