内蒙古东北部拉布达林盆地上乌尔根软沥青的发现及其意义

拉布达林盆地上乌尔根尖子山碳酸盐脉中软沥青的发现表明,该盆地曾发生过石油的生成、运移和聚集作用。盆地内的烃源岩达到了成熟—过成熟阶段,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1型,有机碳含量大于1.0%,生烃潜量大于5mg/g,达到了好烃源岩的标准,为盆地内油气的生成创造了条件。通过多因素生物标志化合物参数综合对比发现,拉布达林盆地的油气与源岩的相关性较好,且主要来自下白垩统上库力组的油页岩。     

青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响

假定地震可以模拟为多层弹粘性介质中的位错，考虑大地震(Mge;7.0)和GPS数据得出的长期构造加载为形变源，依据多层麦克斯韦弹粘性介质中位错产生的应力变化，计算得到了地震产生的应力变化，给出了青藏高原东北部1920年以来积累库仑破裂应力演化. 地震破裂的断层长度、宽度和滑动量根据前人统计公式和野外地质调查得到. 研究表明，20次Mge;7.0地震中， 除1990年共和地震、1952年当雄地震和1976年松潘双震的后一个事件外，17次大地震均发生在库仑破裂应力变化为正的区域， 触发率达85%. 本研究为中长期地震危险性估计在一定程度上提供了基础数据.      

The Heilongjiang Group: A Jurassic accretionary complex in the Jiamusi Massif at the western Pacific margin of northeastern China

Abstract The tectonic setting of the Eastern Asian continental margin in the Jurassic is highly controversial. In the current study, we have selected the Heilongjiang complex located at the western margin of the Jiamusi Massif in northeastern China for geochronological investigation to address this issue. Field and petrographic investigations indicate that the Heilongjiang complex is composed predominately of granitic gneiss, marble, mafic‐ultramafic rocks, blueschist, greenschist, quartzite, muscovite‐albite schist and two‐mica schist that were tectonically interleaved, indicating they represent a mélange. The marble, two‐mica schist and granitic gneiss were most probably derived from the Mashan complex, a high‐grade gneiss complex in the Jiamusi Massif with which the Heilongjiang Group is intimately associated. The ultramafic rocks, blueschist, greenschist and quartzite (chert) are similar to components in ophiolite. The sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb zircon age of 265 ± 4 Ma for the granitic gneiss indicates that the protolith granite was emplaced coevally with Permian batholiths in the Jiamusi Massif. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotite and phengite from the granitic gneiss and mica schist yields a late Early Jurassic metamorphic age between 184 and 174 Ma. Early components of the Jiamusi Massif, including the Mashan complex, probably formed part of an exotic block from Gondwana, affected by late Pan‐African orogenesis, and collided with the Asian continental margin during the Early Jurassic. Subduction of oceanic crust between the Jiamusi block and the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt resulted in the formation of a huge volume of Jurassic granites in the Zhangguangcai Range. Consequently, the collision of the Jiamusi Massif with the Central Asian Orogenic Belt to the west can be considered as the result of circum‐Pacific accretion, unrelated to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The widespread development of Jurassic accretionary complexes along the Asian continental margin supports such an interpretation.     

STRESS FIELD ALONG THE REVOLUTION AXIS AND THE FORMATION OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

STRESS FIELD ALONG THE REVOLUTION AXIS AND THE FORMATION OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU1　SunZhaoyuan .TheStar (Nebular)HypothesisoftheStressField[M ].Beijing :PetroleumIndustryPress,1996 . 2　SunZhaoyuan ,SunJuan .Thestartheoryofthestressfieldofthepoletheecliptic[J].AdvanceinEarthSciences.Beijing :Sciencepress,1999,14(3) . 3　JiangMei,XuZhiqin ,etal.SeismicprofilingbetweenMangai,QinghaiandRuoqiangXinjiangandinfrastructurestudy[J].Beijing ,ActaGeologi…     

Poisons, pragmatic governance and deliberative democracy: The arsenic crisis in Bangladesh

The paper applies some of the principles of pragmatism to the environmental health crisis of arsenic pollution in the groundwater of Bangladesh. This hazard affects between 28 and 57 million people and it has been called “the largest mass poisoning of a population in history”. Such hyperbole aside, the authors consider the dysfunctional nature of central and local government in Bangladesh, which at all levels can be said to have failed water consumers. This leads to a discussion of the nature of governance generally, particularly with regard to two principles derived from the pragmatism of John Dewey: first, an orientation to political action through local, community-based experimentation; and, second, a conviction that participatory democracy draws its strength from the beliefs and attitudes distributed in social networks. The paper then assesses a number of interventions, for instance the World Bank’s large-scale Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project which has faced administrative problems since its inception in 1997 and was very slow to find its feet. NGOs with a stake in arsenic mitigation are also highlighted, particularly for their role in the so-called franchise state. It is argued that a number of conditions of inertia and resistance explain the sluggish response to the arsenic hazard. Indeterminacy about the science and technology of arsenic is one factor, and another is the distribution of power at the local level. The paper argues that future policies and projects would do well to consider deliberative democracy in guises appropriate to rural Bangladesh. This must include better information availability and opportunities for participation at the village level, for instance in civic science. The overall conclusion is that pragmatic principles are helpful in promoting community-focused mitigation measures but that accountability is essential if policies are to avoid problems of local power, patronage and clientelism.     

Nature, diversity of deposit types and metallogenic relations of South China

The South China Region is rich in mineral resources and has a wide diversity of deposit types. The region has undergone multiple tectonic and magmatic events and related metallogenic processes throughout the earth history. These tectonic and metallogenic processes were responsible for the formation of the diverse styles of base and precious metal deposits in South China making it one of the resource-rich regions in the world. During the Proterozoic, the South China Craton was characterised by rifting of continental margin before eruption of submarine volcanics and development of platform carbonate rocks, and the formation of VHMS, stratabound copper and MVT deposits. The Phanerozoic metallogeny of South China was related to opening and closing of the Tethyan Ocean involving multiple orogenies by subduction, back-arc rifting, arc–continent collision and post-collisional extension during the Indosinian (Triassic), Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary) Orogenies. The Late Palaeozoic was a productive metallogenic period for South China resulting from break-up and rifting of Gondwana. Significant stratabound base and precious metal deposits were formed during the Devonian and Carboniferous (e.g., Fankou and Dabaoshan deposits). These Late Palaeozoic SEDEX-style deposits have been often overprinted by skarn systems associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Chengmenshan, Dongguashan and Qixiashan). A number of Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic VHMS deposits also developed in the Sanjiang fold belt in the western part of South China (e.g., Laochang and Gacun).South China has significant sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin-like deposits, which occur in the Devonian- to Triassic-aged accretionary wedge or rift basins at the margin of the South China Craton. They are present in a region at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces called the ‘Southern Golden Triangle’, and are also present in NW Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, in an area known as the ‘Northern Golden Triangle’ of China. These deposits are mostly epigenetic hydrothermal micron-disseminated gold deposits with associated As, Hg, Sb + Tl mineralisation similar to Carlin-type deposits in USA. The important deposits in the Southern Golden Triangle are Jinfeng (Lannigou), Zimudang, Getang, Yata and Banqi in Guizhou Province, and the Jinya and Gaolong deposits in Guangxi District. The most important deposits in the Northern Golden Triangle are the Dongbeizhai and Qiaoqiaoshang deposits.Many porphyry-related polymetallic copper–lead–zinc and gold skarn deposits occur in South China. These deposits are related to Indosinian (Triassic) and Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) magmatism associated with collision of the South China and North China Cratons and westward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate. Most of these deposits are distributed along the Lower to Middle Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The most significant deposits are Tonglushan, Jilongshan, Fengshandong, Shitouzui and Jiguanzui. Au–(Ag–Mo)-rich porphyry-related Cu–Fe skarn deposits are also present (Chengmenshan and Wushan in Jiangxi Province and Xinqiao, Mashan-Tianmashan, Shizishan and Huangshilaoshan in Anhui Province). The South China fold belt extending from Fujian to Zhejiang Provinces is characterised by well-developed Yanshanian intrusive to subvolcanic rocks associated with porphyry to epithermal type mineralisation and mesothermal vein deposits. The largest porphyry copper deposit in China, Dexing, occurs in Jiangxi Province and is hosted by Yanshanian granodiorite. The high-sulphidation epithermal system occurs at the Zijinshan district in Fujian Province and epithermal to mesothermal vein-type deposits are also found in the Zhejiang Province (e.g., Zhilingtou). Part of Shandong Province is located at the northern margin of the South China Craton and the province has unique world class granite-hosted orogenic gold deposits. Occurrences of Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu–Co are found in Permian-aged Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) in South China (Jinbaoshan and Baimazhai in Yunnan Province and Yangliuping in Sichuan Province). South China also has major vein-type tungsten–tin–bismuth–beryllium–sulphide and REE deposits associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Shizhuyuan and Xihuashan), important world class stratabound base metal–tin deposits (Dachang deposit), and the large antimony deposits (Xikuangshan and Woxi). During the Himalayan Orogeny, many giant deposits were formed in South China including the recently emerging Yulong and Gangdese porphyry copper belts in Tibet and the Ailaoshan orogenic gold deposits in Yunnan.     

Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Column O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in Eastern and Southeastern Asia: Comparison with a Global Model (MOZART-2)

Satellite measurements of tropospheric column O₃ and NO₂ in eastern and southeastern Asia are analyzed to study the spatial and seasonal characteristics of pollution in these regions. Tropospheric column O₃ is derived from differential measurements of total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and stratospheric column ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The tropospheric column NO₂ is measured by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). A global chemical and transport model (Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2; MOZART-2) is applied to analyze and interpret the satellite measurements. The study, which is based on spring, summer, and fall months of 1997 shows generally good agreement between the model and satellite data with respect to seasonal and spatial characteristics of O₃ and NO₂ fields. The analysis of the model results show that the industrial emission of NO_x (NO + NO₂) contributes about 50%–80% to tropospheric column NO₂ in eastern Asia and about 20%–50% in southeastern Asia. The contribution of industrial emission of NO_x to tropospheric column O₃ ranges from 10% to 30% in eastern Asia. Biomass burning and lightning NO_x emissions have a small effect on tropospheric O₃ in central and eastern Asia, but they have a significant impact in southeastern Asia. The varying effects of NO_x on tropospheric column ozone are attributed to differences in relative abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with respect to total nitrogen in the two regions.     

川东北五宝场地区须五段致密砂岩叠前储层预测

川东北五宝场地区须家河组须五段具有特低孔特低渗致密砂岩储层特征,常规叠后纵波阻抗难以区分泥岩背景下的储层,储层预测和含气性检测难度大。本文基于Gassmann方程进行流体替换并对工区缺失横波资料的井进行横波预测,并分别正演饱含不同流体性质的道集。研究发现储层饱含水为一类AVO响应特征,储层饱含气为二类AVO特征,AVO规律明显,进而采用实钻井的样本点建立岩石物理模板,选取纵横波速度比联合纵波阻抗圈定致密砂岩储层,利用更低的纵横波速度比能有效指示含气性。结果表明：砂体及储层展布规律能够得到很好的表征,叠前含气性预测对井吻合率达到90.9%。叠前预测在川东北五宝场地区须家河组须五段致密砂岩含气性识别中是有效的,有助于提高钻探成功率与开发效益。     

中国东北地区油气地质特征与勘探潜力展望

中国东北地区发育50多个盆地,规模大小不一,较大的盆地包括松辽、二连、海拉尔盆地和5个跨境盆地。东北地区油气资源潜力巨大,油气储量增幅显著,同时面临油气上产、稳产难度仍然持续加大的现实。本文在深入分析东北地区构造与沉积古地理演化过程的基础上,总结了东北地区构造与沉积协同作用下的成藏组合差异发育特征。进一步结合勘探实践,针对油气勘探中存在的问题,围绕着新领域新层系的工作思路,提出了东北地区油气勘探的方向,包括:松辽盆地中央坳陷带中浅层油气精细勘探,松辽盆地南部深层火山岩油气勘探,松辽盆地西斜坡和北部倾末端油气勘探,东北地区古生界油气勘探,大三江盆地群油气勘探,东北地区页岩油和油页岩资源勘探。为未来东北地区油气资源的勘探部署提供了科学依据。