CLM3模拟的1979-2003年中国土壤湿度及其对全球变暖的可能响应

利用NCAR公用陆面模式CLM3(Common Land Model 3),以1979—2003年NCEP/DOE再分析资料(Reanalysis-2)作为外界强迫,对在分辨率为0.5°纬度×0.5°经度下中国区域进行独立(off-line)模拟试验,并分析了土壤湿度对全球变暖的响应。模拟结果显示:土壤湿度随深度的增加调整(Spin-up)到稳态时间加长,最长可高达20年,这说明模式陆面过程对土壤初始状态的敏感性。模拟结果与台站实测资料及NCEP再分析资料输出的土壤湿度的对比表明,季节与年际变化及其空间分布基本一致。我们的结果还显示,随着近年来气候逐渐变暖,包括中国北方(30°N以北)在内的东亚北部地区夏季土壤湿度有逐渐减少趋势,最多减少15(mm3.mm-3).(100a)-1。     

地球失控增暖可能性的数值模拟

通过改变太阳常数引进强外辐射强迫的变化,利用NCAR气候系统模式CSM1.4,就气候系统对强外辐射强迫下的失控增暖效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:气候对于太阳常数分别增加2.5%、10%与增加25%的响应有所不同,即对于较小的强迫,气候系统的响应是线性的;而对于较大的强迫,响应很可能是非线性的。对于NCAR模式,如果强迫足够大,气候系统将会经历失控增暖。失控增暖的主要趋势并不是最初设想的正的水汽反馈增暖,至少在模式中,不只是“失控的温室效应”增暖,还有“失控的云反馈”增暖。     

全球气候变暖:浅谈从AR5到AR6的认知进展

自政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第五次评估报告（AR5）发布以来,国际科学界在气候系统变化领域取得显著进展,有关气候变化的科学认识不断深入。IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组（WGI）报告对这些科学进展和最新认识作了综合评估。温度是全球变化最直接的指示器。本文从温度变化视角,对从AR5到AR6的科学进展进行了梳理和简要评述,主要聚焦观测的变化、归因以及未来预估三个方面。与AR5相比,AR6以更强有力的证据进一步确证了近百年全球气候变暖的客观事实,人类活动对气候变暖影响的信号更为清晰,未来变暖幅度取决于温室气体减排力度。     

青藏高原雨季特征及其对气候增暖的响应

利用青藏高原气象台站逐日观测资料,采用候雨量稳定通过临界阈值的方法对高原雨季起讫期进行客观定量划分,在此基础上,进一步分析增暖背景下雨季起讫期和雨季降水演变特征,并对比增暖前后高原雨季起讫期及不同等级降水的响应特征.结果表明:青藏高原雨季平均开始期为5月第3候、结束期为9月第6候、共持续28候;青藏高原雨季降水集中期为...     

北京夏季高温变化特征及对城市热岛强度的影响

随着全球气候变暖和快速城市化,城市夏季高温及热浪出现频次和强度明显增加,但人口高度集聚的特大城市中夏季高温长期变化特征对城市热岛的影响程度和作用机制仍不甚明了。本文选择京津冀特大型城市群的核心城市北京为研究对象,基于长期气象观测数据计算夏季高温和城市热岛强度,阐明5—8月夏季高温长期变化特征及对城市热岛强度的影响。研究发现,1978—2020年北京城区夏季高温日数、强度和极端高温均呈现显著增加趋势,相伴随的是高温起始时间明显提前,结束时间显著推迟;高温天最高气温热岛强度呈显著降低趋势,而平均气温和最低气温热岛强度则呈轻微下降趋势;5—8月高温天最高、平均和最低气温多年平均热岛强度分别为0.73 ℃、1.61 ℃和2.40 ℃,明显高于非高温天的0.09 ℃、0.80 ℃和1.40 ℃,高温和非高温天热岛强度差值均在0.6 ℃以上,表明夏季高温放大城市热岛强度。预估未来全球变暖和快速城市化背景下北京城市热岛效应将进一步加剧,会形成更频繁和持续更长的夏季高温,给城市居民带来严重的健康风险。     

施氮和增温对鄱阳湖灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens Kukenth.)湿地秋草生长期氧化亚氮排放的影响

湿地是地球上十分重要的氮库,而且对大气氮沉降增加、气候变暖等全球变化响应非常敏感。目前关于湿地氧化亚氮(N₂O)的研究还存在较大的区域不均衡性,湿地N₂O排放对全球变化的响应也具有很大的不确定性。因此,本研究通过在鄱阳湖灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens Kukenth.)湿地开展N₂O通量原位监测及全球变化模拟实验,以揭示鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O排放变化特征及其对施氮和增温的响应关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地总体上是N₂O弱源,平均N₂O通量为(5.77±1.45) μg/(m²·h)。施氮对鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O通量有显著影响,相对于不施氮,施氮可显著提升2.7倍的N₂O排放通量。增温及其与施氮的交互作用对N₂O通量的影响不显著。鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O排放过程主要由湿地植物调节,而与空气温度、土壤温度、土壤水分等非生物因素无显著相关关系。研究结果有利于深入认识全球变化与湖泊湿地N₂O排放的互馈作用,并为评估全球变化背景下湖泊湿地N₂O收支平衡提供重要支撑;未来还需要加强多因子交互作用研究并开展长期连续监测,从而为阐明湿地氮循环对全球变化的响应机制和构建气候预测模型提供验证数据和理论依据。     

Sensitivity analysis of glacier systems to climate warming in China

Data of 44 glacier systems in China used in this paper were obtained from Chinese Glacier Inventories and the meteorological data were got from Meteorological Atlas of Plateau of west China. Based on the statistical analysis and functional model simulation results of the 44 glacier systems in China, the glacier systems were divided into extremely-sensitive glacier system, semi-sensitive glacier system, extremely-steady glacier system and semi-steady glacier system in terms of glacier system’s level of water-energy exchange, rising gradient of the equilibrium line altitudes and retreating rate of area to climate warming, their median size and vertical span distribution, and their runoff characteristics to climate warming. Furthermore, the functional model of glacier system to climate warming was applied in this paper to predict the average variation trends of the 4 types of glacier systems, which indicate that different sensitivity types of glacier systems respond to the climate warming differently.     

A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indicators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in industrialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.     

Variations and trends of the freezing and thaw- ing index along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway for 1966?2004

Annual freezing and thawing index of 7 meteorological stations along the Qing-hai-Xizang Railway were calculated based on daily maximum and minimum temperature records for 1966?2004. Trends of annual freezing and thawing index were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and a simple linear regression method. The results show that: 1) The mean annual freezing indices range from 95 to 2300℃·d and the mean annual thawing indi-ces range from 630 to 3250℃·d. The mean annual freezing index of the 7 stations exhibited decreasing trends with decreasing rate of ?16.6– ?59.1℃·d /10a. The mean annual thawing index of these 7 stations showed increasing trends with the related decreasing rate is 19.83–45.6℃·d /10a. 2) The MK trend test indicated the significant decreasing trends (sig-nificant at < 0.05 significant level) in the annual freezing index for most stations except for Golmud. The significant increasing trends can be observed in the annual thawing index for 4 stations except Golmud and Tuotuohe. Golmud was the only station with no trends in both annual freezing and annual thawing index.     

全球变暖停滞的研究进展回顾

1998—2012年,全球平均地面增温速率较之前明显趋缓,出现全球变暖停滞现象,该现象的成因与机制是当前气候变化研究的一个热点领域。主要从外部强迫和内部变率2个角度回顾全球变暖停滞产生机制的研究进展。从气候系统外部强迫影响来说,全球变暖停滞主要受到太阳活动、火山爆发、气溶胶以及平流层水汽等的影响。从气候系统内部调控作用来看,全球增温速率减缓主要受到太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和南大洋自然变率以及相应的热量再分配过程的影响。全球变暖停滞期间气候系统内部能量并没有减少,其中一部分能量被转移并储存在了海洋中深层,从而对全球增温减缓产生影响。同时,重点回顾了针对部分耦合强迫作用的"起搏器"试验,该类试验是研究全球变暖停滞的特征、成因及机制的有力手段。此外,也总结了全球变暖停滞现象对气候系统能量收支平衡、资料、模拟以及相关政策制定等方面带来的挑战,展望了未来的研究重点。