造缝产烃还是改质造烃？——论含油气源岩层系的储集层属性和烃源岩属性

源岩层系油气已成为世界油气工业体系中举足轻重的重点领域，未来发展潜力很大。本文通过深入解读含油气源岩层系的地质形成条件，发现储集层属性和烃源岩属性在根本上决定了源岩层系油气成功开发的技术路径。储集层属性是指储集层储存和渗滤油气的物理性质及其相互关系，地史时期微—纳米级孔- 喉- 缝系统充注和聚集了大面积连续型油气资源，人工压裂形成缝网系统突破了致密储层的连通属性短板，成功开发了规模油气资源，突破流动属性短板可能是另一个发展方向。烃源岩属性是指烃源岩滞留、转化和排出油气的物理化学性质及其相互关系，包括已转化的滞留油气和未转化的残留有机质，滞留及潜在烃类资源规模巨大，地下人工加热等方式理论上可突破烃源岩的有机质数量和成熟度属性短板，可能是实现成功开发的有效路径。储集层属性和烃源岩属性是实现源岩层系油气规模发展的内在潜质基础，公共属性参数是外部环境基础。造缝产烃还是改质造烃？前提是准确研判优选何种内在属性参数，基础是系统整合优化所有外在属性参数，推动实现源岩层系油气商业化可持续发展，未来中低熟富有机质页岩及油页岩、中高熟富气态烃页岩层系、低变质程度富油煤岩、深层可气化煤炭等是值得期待的战略发展领域。     

The dependence of the concentration of OH on its precursors under moderately polluted conditions: A model study

Oxidation of trace gases emitted into the atmosphere is frequently promoted by free radicals. During daytime, the most important radical is the hydroxyl radical, since it reacts with almost all pollutants thereby initializing their ultimate removal from the atmosphere. Since the reaction with OH is in many cases the rate-determining step, the ambient OH concentration is a measure for the atmosphere's oxidation capacity. This paper investigates the influence of the chemical precursors and the photolysis frequencies on the atmospheric OH abundance under moderately polluted and rural conditions. The dominant controlling parameter are the photolysis of ozone and the concentrations of the nitrogen oxides.     

三维荧光与油气化探

本文建立了三维荧光油气化探的方法,探讨了某些化探指标,并实测了某区域的岩样,获得了一些有实际应用价值的结论。     

试论轻烃形成过程中过渡金属的催化作用

轻烃和天然气是由富含干酪根矿物基质上过渡金属的催化作用形成，而不是干酪根和重质烃的热催化作用所致。催化作用是通过不同碳数闭作用，碳－碳及碳－金属键的断裂作用来实现的，它在轻烃形成的几个重要转化反应中起重作用，本文围绕着过渡金属的催化机理和轻烃的催化成因等基本问题展开经，目的在于不断探讨油气成因的新理论。     

A molecular stratigraphic approach to palaeoenvironmental assessment and the recognition of changes in source inputs in marls of the Mulhouse Basin (Alsace, France)

Principal components analysis (PCA) has been used to investigate changes in concentrations of the components of the hydrocarbon fractions extracted from 71 marl samples, selected to cover two total organic carbon (TOC) maxima in the lower part of the Salt IV formation, a Lower Oligocene evaporitic sequence from the Mulhouse Basin, France. The analysis indicates that the fractions can be ascribed as lying between two end member distributions. The changes in these distributions are gradual, suggesting that they resulted from fairly gradual changes in the depositional palaeoenvironment. These changes are related to increased algal productivity associated with the evolution of a restricted lacustrine environment through to one with a greater marine influence. Systematic variations in the concentrations of selected components relative to the TOC profile point to a repeated sequential evolution in the biological assemblage during deposition of the sequence.     

Organic biomarkers for tracing carbon cycling in the Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea)

Sediment traps were deployed in the Gulf of Papua in June–July 1997, to determine fluxes of organic matter and inorganic elements from the photic zone to deeper waters at the base of the continental slope and in the northern Coral Sea. Three stations, ranging from 900 to 1500 m depth, had “shallow” traps at 300 m below the water surface and “deep” traps set 100 m above the bottom. Infiltrex II water samplers collected particulate and dissolved organic matter from the Fly, Purari and Kikori rivers, and near-surface water from the shelf of the Gulf of Papua. Samples were analysed for molecular organic biomarkers to estimate the sources of organic carbon and its cycling processes.Dry weight fluxes from the shallow traps ranged from 115 to 181 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 mM OC m⁻² d⁻¹ with molar organic carbon to particulate nitrogen ratios (C/N) ranging from 6.0 to 6.5. Fluxes in deep traps were likely influenced by both early diagenesis and entrapment of resuspended shelf sediments. Dry weight fluxes in deep traps ranged from 106 to 574 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ and POC fluxes ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mM OC m⁻² d⁻¹, with C/N ratios ranging from 8.5 to 10.8. ¹³C/¹²C ratios were −20.2‰ to −21.7‰ in all trap samples, indicating that most of the settling POC was “marine-derived”. Shallow traps had δ¹⁵N values of 6.3‰ to 7.2‰ while the values in deep traps were 4.9–5.0‰, indicating the N-rich near-surface OC was less degraded than that in the deep traps. The biogenic lipids consisted of hydrocarbon, sterol and fatty acid biomarkers indicative of marine zooplankton, phytoplankton and bacteria. Sterol markers for diatoms and dinoflagellates were abundant in the water samples. Highly branched isoprenoid alkenes, usually attributable to diatoms, were also detected in both water and shallow traps. Traces of C₂₆–C₃₄ n-alcohols indicative of land–plant biomarkers, were found in river water samples and in the shallow sediment traps. A large unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons, and a uniform distribution of n-alkanes, indicative of petroleum hydrocarbons, were also detected in the traps. Hopane and sterane biomarkers detected in the trap oil were characteristic of a marine carbonate source, and the aromatic hydrocarbon composition distinguished at least two different oil signatures.We concluded that mass and POC fluxes were similar to those reported for other continental shelves and marginal oceans in tropical and subtropical regions. There was a dramatic decrease in POC as particles sank, due to zooplankton repackaging and photochemical and bacterial decomposition. Carbon isotopic and biomarker patterns showed most of the POC in the sediment traps was marine-sourced with only traces of terrestrial input. There was a significant flux of petroleum, which may signal the existence of natural petroleum seeps in this region.     

Laboratory Studies of the Hydrogen Kinetic Isotope Effects (KIES) of the Reaction of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons with the OH Radical in the Gas Phase

The hydrogen kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of the reactions of 15 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with the OH radical were measured at 298 ± 2 K. The measurements were made using NMHCs without artificial isotopic labeling or enrichment. The following average hydrogen KIE values, in per mil (), were obtained: 29.8 ± 2.1 (toluene),51.6 ± 2.1 (n-butane), 97.3± 12.5 (i-butane), 63.2 ± 5.9 (cyclopentane), 10.5 (p-xylene), 26.8 ± 3.5 (ethylbenzene), 65.9± 7.0 (n-pentane), 79.5 ± 9.6 (cyclohexane), 52.8 ± 5.0(n-hexane), 38.9 ± 7.8 (n-heptane), 33.4 ± 3.1 (n-octane), 29.6 ± 1.6(n-nonane), and 29.0 ± 5.3 (n-decane). The KIEs for reactions of two alkenes (cyclohexene and 1-heptene) could not be determined accurately due to interference from reaction with ozone, but nevertheless the results clearly show that the KIEs for reaction of alkenes with OH are significantly lower than those for saturated hydrocarbons. The KIEs for reaction of alkanes are smaller than isotope effects reported in literature for the reactions of NMHCs artificially labeled with deuterium. The main reason for this difference is the reduced probability for reaction at a labeled site for compounds with close to natural deuterium abundance, although some impact of secondary isotope effects cannot be ruled out. Still, the KIEs for NMHCs with natural or close to natural abundance of deuterium are of sufficient magnitude to allow determination of the extent of chemical processing of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere using methods analogous to stable carbon KIE studies. Furthermore, it is shown that combining stable hydrogen and stable carbon isotope ratio data has the potential to also provide valuable information regarding the stable isotope ratios of emissions, and specifically to test one of the key assumptions of the stable isotope hydrocarbon clock, the absence of significant variations of the stable isotope ratio for the emitted NMHCs.     

Wildfires and seasonal aridity recorded in Late Cretaceous strata from south-eastern Arizona, USA

Lithostratigraphic and organic chemostratigraphic studies of fluvial/lacustrine sediments in the Late Cretaceous Fort Crittenden Formation in south-eastern Arizona USA, reveal changes in palaeoclimate and tectonics as well as associated fluctuations in lake level. The lower Fort Crittenden is dominated by marginal wetland to deep-water lake deposits, whereas the upper Fort Crittenden is characterized by wetland to deltaic deposits. Abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and reflectance of fusinite substantiate the impact of wildfires within the watershed. Organic geochemical evidence of wildfires is linked with sedimentological indicators of seasonal aridity suggesting that wildfires were common occurrences. Sedimentological evidence for seasonal aridity includes mottles and pseudoslickensides on ped structures within wetland mudstones. Distinct variations in PAH assemblages, characterized by the number of aromatic rings, indicate that there were variations in the intensities of wildfires, assuming no variations in the types of fuel. Fusinite reflectance values are consistent with combustion temperatures from 470 to 550 °C observed in modern wildfires.     

临安和上甸子大气本底站大气中NMHCs组成与浓度的变化特征

为研究中国大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)区域性本底浓度与变化特征,采用吸附富集—热脱附—气相色谱法,测定了临安(30°25′N,119°44′E,海拔132.0 m)和上甸子(40°19′N,117°07′E,海拔286.5 m)大气本底站大气中NMHCs的组成与浓度。从2003年10月至2004年7月,先后按季度分4次观测与取样,共获145个有效样品。检测出C2-C10的NMHCs组分52个,其中包括26个烷烃、17个烯烃和9个芳香烃化合物。在临安和上甸子大气中非甲烷烃总烃(TNMHCs)的平均质量浓度分别为(238.5±126.0)×10-9C,(278.7±185.5)×10-9C。两站烷、烯、芳香烃在TNMHCs中所占的比例相近,分别约为21%—33%,7%—19%,54%—70%。受源、汇和气象条件的共同影响,NMHCs浓度存在明显地日变化和季节性变化,但变化趋势两地略有不同。TNMHCs平均浓度的峰值都出现在10月,谷值分别出现在1,7月。气象要素以风向和风速的影响最为明显。TNMHCs高浓度大多与上风向存在较强污染源有关。另外发现,临安TNMHCs浓度比10 a前有明显增加。