基于灰色关联度分析法和主成分分析法对泥页岩储层评价方法的探讨

泥页岩储层的影响因素众多,明确各因素间的内部联系才能更好地评价储层。为对比灰色关联法和主成分分析法在储层评价中的适用性,本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界Y88井丰富的储层数据进行分析。通过对比两种多元统计方法的原理、算法和结果,认为主成分分析法把各项因子视为离散变量,通过降维后用三个综合评价指标来反映储层的优劣,是对各项指标的概括性分析;灰色关联法将参数分为参考数据列和比较数据列,参考数据列的有机碳含量高低与储层的优劣成正相关,参考数据列对评价对象具有可测性。因此,若是对评价对象的概括性分析,用主成分分析法比较合适;若是对评价对象的可测性分析,如有机碳含量的高低决定能不能形成泥页岩储层,则用灰色关联法评价更合理。     

Objective regionalization of Rayleigh wave dispersion data by clustering algorithms: an application to the Mediterranean basin

The main target of the present study is an objective and automated regionalization of Rayleigh wave dispersion data for the Mediterranean basin, without a priori seismotectonic constraints, and to determine the corresponding regional shear-velocity structures. The database used is formed by almost 200 Rayleigh wavetrains corresponding to 42 regional events, with surface-wave magnitude greater than 4.5, recorded at the MedNet very-broad-band stations in the Mediterranean area. Path-averaged group velocities for the Rayleigh wave fundamental mode are derived for each available epicentre-station trajectory crossing the Mediterranean basin. After this, a principal component analysis and a clustering process are applied to local group velocities, obtained for 13 different periods from 10 to 70 s, in order to classify the Mediterranean basin into several homogeneous regions. The stochastic inversion of the averaged group velocity dispersion curve obtained for each region provides the respective shear-velocity structures, down to a depth of 150–160 km. The characteristics of these areas and their possible correlation with the main seismotectonic features of the Mediterranean region are discussed. The regional models reveal significant lateral changes in the elastic structure, with the main differences concerning particularly the upper 35–40 km. Within this depth range, low shear velocities, varying from 2.8 to 3.9 km s⁻¹, characterize the Eastern Mediterranean, whereas higher velocities, ranging from 3.0 to 4.2 km s⁻¹, are deduced for the Western Mediterranean. These results suggest a thicker crust in the eastern part, but with a greater thickness of sedimentary layers. However, for depths of between 80 and 110 km, lower shear velocities are obtained in the Western part, while higher shear velocities are derived for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, in the Aegean Sea, Greece, the south of Italy, Sicily and Tunisia. This velocity pattern suggests an averaged thicker lithosphere under the latter areas, as the top of the asthenosphere is detected at a mean depth of 75 km for the remaining regions. This thicker lithosphere can be related to processes associated with the convergence of the Eurasian and African plates and subduction under the Calabrian and Hellenic Arcs.     

大气季节内振荡的活动与El Nino

用广东省４７个测站１９５４－１９９０年各月的平均气温、降水、日照时数的标准化资料分别作按时间点分解的主分量分析,取其前６个主分量作为各测站的气候特征量,用相关系数－重心法作聚类分析,作出各月、全年综合要素的气候分区。结果表明：（１）将广东各月分为有较显著差异的５个区,则冬半年（１０－翌年４月）各月的分区形式较类似且规律性明显,夏半年（５－９月）各月的分区逐月变化明显,且分区形式差别较大。（２）若用６个自然季节的平均气温、降水、日照时数标准化资料分别作主分量分析,各取前３个主分量作为全年气候分区的特征量,则广东全年的气候区可分为东南沿海、西南沿海、西北内陆３个区。     

东亚土地覆盖对ENSO事件的响应特征

对1982—1993年气候年际变化的强信号——ENSO进行了确认及再分类。以美国地质调查局EROS中心提供的AVHRR 8km NDVI为数据源，应用地理信息系统技术，计算了1982—1993年每年夏季(5—9月)NDVI平均影像。在此基础上用数据断面分析法对ENSO年东亚地区土地覆盖的空间分布进行了分析，再用主成分分析法对同一时间序列NDVI平均影像进行了运算，发现其第7主成分影像所反映的土地覆盖分布与数据断面分析法所反映的结果是一致的。对此，进一步分析了第7主成分的特征向量与代表ENSO变化特征的南方     

青海玛多7.4级地震桥梁工程震害特性分析

2021年5月22日青海果洛州玛多县发生7.4级地震,导致了显著的桥梁结构震害。本文基于现场调查,介绍了野马滩大桥、野马滩2号桥、黑河中桥、吾儿美岗大桥和雅娘黄河桥的典型震害特征。进一步结合地震断裂与桥位关系、地震台站的地震动记录与特性分析,初步分析了各桥的地震致灾要素和结构失效机理。野马滩大桥和野马滩2号桥整体划一的落梁震害可能系近断层法向的方向性效应所致;黑河中桥的结构轻微震害应系桥台的纵向约束作用,整个桥梁的纵向地震响应类似于整体式桥;吾儿美岗大桥结构南北方向的地震响应高于东西方向,同时减隔震支座与上、下部结构的有效锚固是发挥其减震耗能功效的必要保证;雅娘黄河桥未见水平方向地震作用所导致的显著震害特征,初步推断墩底的压溃破坏可能系震中竖向地震动所致。     

格尔木地磁Z分量静日变化特征与前兆异常分析

研究了格尔木地震台1996-2006年地磁模拟资料和2008-2011年的数字化资料,通过对台站磁静日低点时间、日变幅度、日变形态的分析,确认地磁z分量磁静日低点时间在地方时12时左右;日变幅月均值呈现明显的波浪式起伏变化,其年均值与太阳黑子数保持一致;地磁日变形态较为规则,有1个低点和2个高点;在前兆异常分析中,认为低点时间异常和日变形态双低点异常与周边强震具有一定的对应关系。     

中国主要沿海城市旅游竞争力定量研究

基②国内外对城市旅游竞争力研究的回顾和梳理,建立契合本研究的指标体系：以城市旅游基础设施、发展现状和生态环境竞争力作为二级指标,以25个与城市旅游竞争力相关指标作为三级指标。在此基础上,利用主成分分析与系统聚类分析方法测算各城市因子得分及排名,并对城市间、等级间、区域间优势和劣势做出比较分析。结果表明：①上海、杭州、广州旅游竞争力相对较强,南通、中山、东莞竞争力相对较弱,其中,城市经济体规模、环境污染程度及城市绿化水平对城市旅游综合竞争力影响较突出;②城市间旅游竞争力水平梯度化明显,抱团式合作发展、阶梯状搭配发展前景看好;③同一区域内城市合作优势大②竞争优势,可建立旅游合作试点区域。     

Regional dynamics of terrestrial vegetation productivity and climate feedbacks for territory of Ukraine

Climate change has the potential to affect terrestrial ecosystems and, thereby, the carbon cycle. Various vegetation biomes are likely to respond differently to changes in climatic factors. The purpose of this study was to analyse the trends of the terrestrial vegetation productivity and climate drivers on regional levels and relations between ones. The gross primary productivity from the global satellite-based terrestrial production efficiency model (PEM) MOD17 as the vegetation productivity indicator and meteorological data from the weather station network as climatic indicators were used. The analysis covered a period from 2000 to 2012. Correlation analysis was used to quantify the association between the vegetation productivity and climatic indicators for different growing seasons and landscape-climatic zones of Ukraine. The Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to take into account seasonal features. Multiple linear regression models for corresponding seasons and zones have been simulated using the principal component analysis. The results showed no detectable limiting effect of the climatic drivers on plant productivity for forest areas. The limiting effect of the temperature increasing and precipitation amount decreasing for the steppe zone and eastern forest-steppe subzone of Ukraine for summer was observed.     

Application of Principal Component Analysis and Spectral Angle Mapper in the Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration in the Jebal–Barez Area,Southeastern Iran

The southeastern part of the central Iranian Cenozoic magmatic belt contains many areas with copper mineralization. In an analysis of this region, we used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM⁺) images to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks, based on their mineral assemblages. The spectral measurements, based on the field samples and satellite‐image‐derived spectra, show dominantly Al–OH (sericite and clays) and Fe–O absorption features in the visible–near infrared to shortwave infrared regions of the spectrum. Silica–bearing rocks, as well as silicic alteration, show an intense Si–O vibrational feature in the thermal infrared wavelength region. We analyzed ASTER/ETM⁺ images, performed a directed principal component analysis, and used spectral angle mapper to map areas of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The individual principal component images compiled by directed principal component analysis reveal the distribution of individual alteration minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz. The best results, in terms of mapping the distribution of alteration, were obtained using the spectral angle mapper method. The altered areas were then sampled and the samples subjected to X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin sections were observed under a microscope. Field observations reveal that more than 98% of the known copper mineralization occurs within the interpreted alteration areas. The present results indicate the great potential of ASTER and ETM⁺ data for mapping the distribution of alteration and exploring for copper mineralization in areas with a similar climate and geological setting to those of the present study.     

西藏冈底斯地区斑岩铜矿识别的最佳多光谱遥感异常判据研究

文章应用多光谱遥感技术,对冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的实例(驱龙、甲玛、朱诺、冲江、夏玛日等矿床)进行了研究和总结,包括ASTER和ETM+数据技术特征、蚀变异常找矿的地质依据、蚀变异常提取的波谱前提、多光谱矿致遥感异常提取的常见技术方法、去干扰异常主分量门限化技术流程、冈底斯斑岩铜矿带找矿模型最佳遥感异常判据研究等.确定了ASTER主分量分析提取的羟基异常OHA6、OHA5同心套合异常可做为斑岩铜矿的最佳多光谱遥感异常判据,在从夏玛日至朱诺的13景共46万平方公里的ASTER提取异常中,依此判据圈定了冈底斯20处有潜能的斑岩铜矿异常.此外,还对夏玛日景遥感异常进行了解译,并提出了3处钻孔孔位建议.