全波场映像技术以及其在高速公路路基缺陷检测中的应用

针对高速公路运营中的路基长期稳定性问题,研发了检测高速公路路基缺陷的全波场映像技术,即一种无损检测技术,主要由单点激发-单点接收的数据采集系统和三维全波场成像系统组成。为评价该技术应用于高速公路路基缺陷检测的准确性,首先使用有限元动力分析方法进行三维数值模拟。在研究三维缺陷模型中全波场传播特性的基础上,对响应波形的频谱特征进行详细分析,在此基础上合成的成像图显示缺陷区域位置与其在模型中的位置及区域大小相吻合。然后在实际预先设置缺陷的等比例高速公路路基模型上开展试验验证,试验结果证明了该技术的准确性,及其在检测高速公路路基缺陷区域及位置上有良好的应用空间。     

A method for non-parametric damage detection through the use of neural networks

A neural network-based approach is presented for the detection of changes in the characteristics of structure-unknown systems. The approach relies on the use of vibration measurements from a ‘healthy’ system to train a neural network for identification purposes. Subsequently, the trained network is fed comparable vibration measurements from the same structure under different episodes of response in order to monitor the health of the structure. The methodology is applied to actual data obtained from ambient vibration measurements on a steel building structure that was damaged under strong seismic motion during the Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake of 17 January 1995. The measurements were done before and after repairs to the damaged frame were made. A neural network is trained with data after the repairs, which represents ‘healthy’ condition of the building. The trained network, which is subsequently fed data before the repairs, successfully identified the difference between the damaged storey and the undamaged storey. Through this study, it is shown that the proposed approach has the potential of being a practical tool for a damage detection methodology applied to smart civil structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非接触式麦克风冲击共振测试的钢-混组合结构界面脱空损伤识别方法研究

针对现有无损检测技术在钢-混组合结构界面混凝土脱空损伤识别问题上普遍存在的测试成本高、识别精度有限及操作过程复杂等不足之处,提出了一种基于麦克风冲击共振测试的非接触式检测方法。首先,基于四边约束矩形薄板振动理论,将钢-混凝土板局部脱空处钢板简化为四边固支约束的板壳模型进行分析。通过在ABAQUS中建立考虑流-固耦合的钢-混凝土板有限元模型,将模拟所得脱空处钢板自振频率值与理论解析结果进行对比,证明该经验公式可有效适用于脱空区域处局部钢板自振频率的估计当中。其次,依据相关声学理论研究成果,利用所建立的有限元模型进行了外部激励下钢-混组合结构声压场信号分布特征研究,结果表明设置及未设置脱空损伤的有限元模型所产生的声压响应存在明显不同,且未脱空模型中信号响应具有幅值大、周期长等特征;同时,针对一钢-混凝土板设置了8种不同类型的损伤工况,并利用麦克风传感器分别进行了基于冲击共振测试的脱空损伤识别。试验结果表明,麦克风摆放位置对测试所得声压信号频响函数基本特征的影响程度并不显著;且针对本试验所设置的损伤工况,该方法基本均能实现有效识别,但对平面尺寸在60 mm以下区域的测试效果并不明显。最后,在对一特定损伤区域进行栅格化处理的基础上,通过开展基于麦克风冲击共振法的损伤成像测试,对该脱空区域的平面轮廓进行了有效识别。除此之外,将试验测试效果分别与传统红外热像检测法、超声波探测法进行了对比分析,验证了该麦克风冲击共振法能够较好地适用于钢-混组合结构的脱空损伤识别问题当中,且具有非接触式、测试成本低、识别效果显著及操作便捷等优点。     

水下环肋圆柱壳弹性失稳临界载荷无损预报方法

基于振动的水下环肋圆柱壳临界载荷的预报具有结构无损的优势。以Flügge壳体理论和基于正交各向异性理论的环肋圆柱壳自由振动方程为基础,运用波传播法得出耦合系统的频率方程,并求出对应外压下的固有频率,通过最小二乘法线性拟合获得临界载荷、外压及固有频率的关系表达式。绘图得知任意边界的同一模态下,水下环肋圆柱壳的固有频率平方与静水压力成正比。结构失稳时,刚度丧失,固有频率降为零,据此求出水下环肋圆柱壳的最小弹性临界载荷。分析了不同边界条件对环肋圆柱壳临界载荷的影响,得知边界约束越强,环肋圆柱壳的临界载荷越大。结果对比表明了本方法的正确性,为水下环肋圆柱壳的固有频率及临界载荷的理论计算提供了一种新的方法。     

Models for Estimation of Single Leaf Area of Mangrove TreesModels Trees based on Leaf Length and Widthbased Width

Leaf area is an important parameter for modeling plant growth and physiological processes.It is very expensive and difficult for measuring leaf area by means of Leaf Area Meter,therefore,it’s quite necessary to obtain one simple model for estimation of leaf area of mangrove tree.The models for estimation of leaf area of 3 species of mangrove trees were developed based on leaf length and width.Totally,leaf area(LA),leaf length(L)and width(W)were measured from 450 fresh leaves of major three species of mangrove trees in Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve,Fujian province.The actual leaf area of the plant was measured with the help of ArcGIS software and regression model was fitted.The majority of the data(80%)were used for model calibration,and the remaining data(20%)were used for model validation.All the leaf areas of 3 species of mangrove trees had been significant correlation between L,W,L·W,L2,W2and(L+W)2,so the factors could be constructed into a regression model with leaf area.Six models for estimation of leaf area selected were significantly(p0.001)regressed with L,W and the functions of these dimensions.All models were linear relationships.Based on goodness of fit,prediction ability and residual performance,it was found that model 3 could best describe the relationship between leaf area and leaf length and width.By means of regression analysis,the following models were developed:LA=0.28+0.66L·W(R2=0.980)for Kandelia candel,LA=0.09+0.73L·W(R2=0.983)for Avicennia marina,LA=0.52+0.72L·W(R2=0.990)for Aegiceras corniculatum,respectively.The study provided a simple,reliable and non-destructive method for estimating single leaf area.It had a good potential in the functional structural model of mangrove tree.     

反演瞬态瑞雷波频散曲线映射二维横波速度剖面

由于横波速度与岩土力学参数密切相关,因而是工程地质勘察中的关键参数。基于前人的思想,采用等厚薄层权重自适应迭代阻尼最小二乘法自动反演横波速度,提高横波速度的计算精度,进而映射二维横波速度剖面。用上述方法对某高速公路振冲压碾效果进行了无损检测试验,其结果与钻探和开挖验证一致。     

基于工业CT扫描的岩芯裂缝结构表征

为了研究泥页岩中裂缝的发育特征,利用工业CT技术对句容盆地的页岩岩芯进行扫描,并使用数字处理技术对页岩的CT扫描图像进行分析,通过VGStudio MAX对CT扫描数据进行重建体模型及裂缝提取,更好的在三维尺度上研究不同矿物组成成分的页岩中裂缝的结构和发育情况及工业CT扫描图的区别。结果发现岩芯中主要存在两组不同走向及倾角的裂缝,一组高角度裂缝,倾角约为70°~90°;一组低角度裂缝,倾角约为30°~40°。依此推测句容盆地在志留纪鲁丹阶以后至少经历两次构造运动。对比不同的矿物组成成分的页岩研究发现,当岩石样品的矿物组成密度差别越大时,工业CT扫描就会越清晰;当岩石样品颗粒度越大时,扫描的效果就会越明显。