Petrology and Fe–Ti oxide reequilibration of the 1991 Mount Unzen mixed magma

A dacitic magma (64.5 wt.% SiO₂), a mixture of phenocryst-rich rhyodacite and an aphyric mafic magma, was erupted during the recent 1991–1995 Mount Unzen eruptive cycle. The experimental and analytical results of this study reveal additional details about conditions in the premixing and postmixing magmas, and the nature of the mixing process. The preeruption rhyodacitic magma was at a temperature of 790±20°C according to Fe–Ti oxide phenocryst cores, and at a depth of 6 to 7 km (160 MPa) according to Al-in-hornblende geobarometry. The mafic magma that mixed with the rhyodacite is found as andesitic (54 to 62 wt.% SiO₂) enclaves in the erupted magma and was essentially aphyric when intruded. Phase equilibria indicate that an aphyric andesite at 160 MPa is >1030°C (H₂O-saturated) and possibly as high as 1130°C (2 wt.% H₂O). The composition of the rhyodacite which was mixed with the andesite is estimated to lie between 67 and 69 wt.% SiO₂. Using these compositions and temperatures, the temperature of the Unzen magma after mixing is estimated to be at least 850° to 870°C. The groundmass Fe–Ti oxide microphenocrysts and those in pargasite-bearing reaction zones around biotite phenocrysts both give 890±20°C temperatures; the oxide–oxide contacts give temperatures of 910±20°C. The 900±30°C postmixing temperatures are consistent with phase-equilibria experiments which show that the magma was not above 930°C at 160 MPa. Our Fe–Ti oxide reequilibration experiments suggest that the mixing of the two magmas began within a few weeks of the eruption, which is a shorter time than is calculated using available diffusion data. There is also evidence that some mixing took place much closer to the time of extrusion based on the presence of unrimmed biotite phenocrysts in the magma.     

Temporal and spatial variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>15</Superscript>N and <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O for atmospheric N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O above the oceanic surface from Shanghai to Antarctica

During the 22nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-22), the atmospheric gas samples above the oceanic surface and near the surface were collected on the track for the scientific ship “Xuelong” and on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica, respectively, using the Tedlar gas bags. Every day the sampling times were 10:00 and 22:00 (local time), respectively. In the laboratory, high-precision measurement of the isotopic compositions for N₂O in these gas samples was conducted using Thermo Finnigan MAT-253 Isotopic Mass Spectrometer with a fully automated interface for the pre-GC concentration (PreCon) of trace gases. The temporal and spatial variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O in atmospheric N₂O were analyzed. The mean δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O values above the oceanic surface were (7.21±0.50)‰ and (44.52±0.52)‰, respectively. From 30°N to Antarctica, the δ ¹⁵N (6.05‰–7.88‰) linearly increased with the rate of about 0.01‰ with the latitude while the δ ¹⁸O (43.05‰–48.78‰) showed a large fluctuation. The δ ¹⁵N negatively correlated with air temperature and N₂O concentration, and slightly positively correlated with δ ¹⁸O. The summertime variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O appeared the same trend on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica. They significantly positively correlated with each other and negatively with N₂O concentration. The δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O at different sites averaged (7.42±0.35)‰ and (44.69±0.49)‰, respectively, slightly higher than those above the oceanic surface, significantly higher than those of atmospheric N₂O in the low-latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. The predominant factors affecting the spatial variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O values were also discussed. The isotopic data given in this study can help to investigate the global and regional N₂O budgets. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40676005 and 40406001)     

环氧乙烷储运系统环境风险预测与预防措施

以某化工厂环氧乙烷储运系统发生环境风险事故为例,通过风险识别和源项分析,利用有关技术导则中推荐的模式对发生环境风险事故的后果进行预测,得出环氧乙烷储运系统发生泄漏或爆炸时可能造成轻伤、重伤及死亡影响范围的预测结果;同时从风险防范措施和应急预案两方面对环氧乙烷储运系统提出了防范措施,主要包括环氧乙烷的应急处理措施、围堰及事故池的设置、其他风险防范措施要求、运输风险防范措施和环境风险事故应急预案。通过采取以上防范措施,不仅可以最大程度地降低环氧乙烷储运系统环境风险事故发生的概率,而且可以将环境风险事故发生后对环境可能造成的不良影响降至最低。     

元素活动态测量的分析方法

发展了元素活动态各相中11种以上元素的分析方法,讨论了提取操作和分析、测定中的关键     

三亚河与三亚湾溶存N_2O分布特征与影响因素研究

2008年4月在三亚河设置24h观测连续站,10月在三亚湾设置13个采样站,同时采集大气、表层和底层海水样品,运用静态顶空气相色谱法对海水中溶存N2O的浓度进行了测定。结果表明,三亚湾海水中溶存N2O的浓度范围为7.57—15.04nmol/L,饱和度范围为101.8%—202.2%,均处于过饱和状态,明显受到三亚河水人为污染的影响;三亚河N2O浓度日变化范围在12.7—17.6nmol/L,饱和度范围在170.9%—236.9%,全天也均处于高度过饱和状态,表明三亚河和三亚湾都是大气N2O的源。对三亚河和三亚湾N2O浓度与盐度,营养盐的关系进行相关分析可得,其与盐度之间的关系为负相关,与硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氨盐的关系为正相关。此外还利用Liss提出的双层模型计算了三亚河和三亚湾的N2O海-气交换通量,分别为5.71—11.63μmol/(m2·d)、0.33—8.26μmol/(m2·d),表明三亚河与三亚湾水体中N2O的过饱和现象主要来源于城市污水的影响。     

冬季九龙江河口表层水体N_2O分布特征及海气通量的初步研究

氧化亚氮（N2O）因其强温室效应和潜在的臭氧破坏作用备受关注.大量研究显示河口区域,特别是人为氮源输入影响严重的区域是N2O的重要源区.随着氮肥施用量的快速增加,中国大陆河口区域对全球N2O收支势必有较大的贡献.本文研究了2009年冬季九龙江口表层水N2O浓度的分布特征及其影响因素,并评估了其海气通量.研究结果显示,冬季九龙江河口表层水体N2O浓度从盐度低至0.3时的81.7±1.7 nmol/dm3下降至盐度为27.2时的14.1±0.2 nmol/dm3,相应盐度下其饱和度分别为754%和138%;九龙江河口为大气N2O的强源区.与NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N等营养盐浓度的分布特征相比较可推测,2009年冬季N2O在九龙江河口的混合过程中呈不保守状态,部分N2O可能通过海气混合过程从水体迁移出.N2O的海气通量呈由高盐处向低盐处递增的趋势,变化范围在3~94μmol/（m2.d）之间.     

金露梅灌丛草甸氧化亚氮排放特征及冻融交替的影响研究

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站地区,利用密闭箱-气相色谱法对金露梅灌丛草甸群落中的丛间草地(GC)、金露梅灌丛(GG)和裸地(GL)3种斑块的氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放季节特征和冻融过程、降水事件的影响进行了初步研究.结果显示:GG年平均排放速率显著高于C.C和GL(P＜0.05),C.C与GL差异不显著(P＞0.05).3种斑块N_2O排放速率表现出明显的季节波动,生长季高于休眠季,其中GC和GG排放速率在8月出现明显峰值,2月最低;而GL的排放速率2004年最大值出现在3月,2005年在3月和8月出现了两个峰值,最低值均出现在1月.冻融交替过程中各斑块N_2O平均排放速率白天高于夜间,并且除了2005年GL斑块外,均为封冻期土壤排放速率较低,而冻融期提高.2004-07 GC和GG斑块在降雨时排放速率降低,降雨后迅速上升;而2005年时3种斑块在降雨时以及积雪融化时排放速率均大幅升高.各斑块排放速率与土壤5 cm地温呈极显著(GC和GG;P＜0.01)或显著正相关关系(GL,P＜0. 05).金露梅灌丛草甸2004年和2005年平均排放速率分别为0.043和0.046 mg/(m~2·h),是大气N_2O的一个源,粗略估算整个青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸N_2O排放的辐射强迫约为0.125 Tg CO_2,其在整个青藏高原温室气体收支中的作用不应忽略.     

青海玛温根矿区氧化铅银矿工艺矿物学特性及分析研究

结合光学显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线能谱探针、筛析等技术手段,系统研究了青海省玛温根矿区产出的有代表性的氧化铅矿石的工艺矿物学特征。结果表明:矿石主要有价元素是Pb(2. 76%)和Ag(204. 4×10-6);矿石中铅的赋存状态较复杂,主要赋存于铅铁矾等难溶铅中,其次赋存于氧化铅、硫酸铅中,矿石中的铅矿物主要是铅矾、白铅矿、砷铅铁矾,少量方铅矿、砷铅矿等;银的赋存状态亦较为复杂,独立银矿物为硫铜银矿,含量甚微,部分银呈类质同像赋存于其他的金属硫化物中。通过偏光显微镜和扫描电镜分析发现,主要的铅矿物如铅矾、白铅矿等相互交代连生现象明显,且嵌布粒度细小,这与筛析检测结果相一致,同时矿石中As含量较高,达到了5. 43%,含砷矿物主要为毒砂、臭葱石,经X射线能谱分析,部分铅矿物与砷元素关系密切,并形成了砷铅铁矾、砷铅矿等复杂砷铅矿物。所以预测在选矿过程中,砷会随铅矿物同步富集,银的独立银矿物主要是硫铜银矿,且嵌布粒度微细,大部分银矿物以微细粒包裹态赋存于石英、褐铁矿等硅酸盐或氧化物中。根据以上研究成果,可判定该氧化铅银矿属于极难选矿石,建议采用浮选-化学选矿工艺综合回收铅、银金属的技术路线。