海水人工湿地系统脱氮效果与基质酶活性的相关性

利用海水人工湿地系统处理海水养殖外排水,分析了人工湿地对不同形态氮的净化效果,探讨了人工湿地表层基质酶活性变化及其对系统脱氮效果的影响。选取互花米草作为人工湿地植物,煤渣、珊瑚石和细砂作为人工湿地基质,实验期间连续进水,系统运行稳定。研究结果表明:海水人工湿地系统对氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2-N)、硝态氮(NO3-N)、总氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)去除效果显著,去除率分别为(99.6±0.7)%、(99.9±0.0)%、(98.2±2.0)%、(92.6±1.5)%和(86.1±4.8)%。人工湿地表层基质下行池脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性均高于上行池,下行池对污染物的去除效果更好。脱氢酶活性与海水人工湿地系统氨氮的去除有关;硝酸还原酶活性影响着海水人工湿地硝态氮的去除;脲酶活性与人工湿地总氮和硝态氮的去除存在明显相关趋势。下行池硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性间具有显著相关性(r=0.76, P0.05)。人工湿地微生物种类丰富,下行池微生物多样性高于上行池,植物根部微生物多样性最高,提高了系统脱氮的效率。上述研究结果将有助于阐明海水人工湿地系统中不同形态氮的迁移转化机理。     

石家庄地面水回渗地下过程的氮行为影响试验研究

石家庄是我国北方地下水位下降较大的城市之一,利用其毗邻滹沱河宽阔河滩,地面水可直接入渗补给地下水的有利水文地质条件,实施地面水回渗地下工程,将具有现实意义.为探索地面水回渗后的水质变化,该文针对地面水在回渗过程中对水质起限制性影响的氮行为作用进行了模拟试验研究.结果显示,利用2 m厚的滹沱河细砂土及与粘土按一定比例的混合砂土层,可对间歇式实施地面水回渗中的铵氮组分形成一定容量的截留去除,并且该截留量又在随回渗次数的增加而缓慢下降,当采用人工增加环境碱度及湿度的办法后可消除这种下降.同时,还显示对回渗水中硝酸氮的去除率不高,但若采用人工添加乙醇碳源和接种优势脱氮微生物菌种方法,硝酸氮的去除率将会得到较大提高.     

内蒙古荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)和骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)叶形态性状对土壤水氮耦合的响应

研究降水和氮沉降对荒漠草原植物叶形态性状的影响,对于预测未来全球变化下荒漠草原植物的生态适应具有重要意义.对增减雨(±50％)和氮添加(10 g·m-2.a-1)及其交互作用对乌拉特荒漠草原区优势植物叶形态性状的影响研究结果表明:(1)沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)...     

Wintertime rates of net primary production and nitrate and ammonium uptake in the southern Benguela upwelling system

The elevated levels of primary productivity associated with eastern boundary currents are driven by nutrient- rich waters upwelled from depth, such that these regions are typically characterised by high rates of nitrate-fuelled phytoplankton growth. Production studies from the southern Benguela upwelling system (SBUS) tend to be biased towards the summer upwelling season, yet winter data are required to compute annual budgets and understand seasonal variability. Net primary production (NPP) and nitrate and ammonium uptake were measured concurrently at six stations in the SBUS in early winter. While euphotic zone NPP was highest at the stations nearest to the coast and declined with distance from the shore, a greater proportion was potentially exportable from open-ocean surface waters, as indicated by the higher specific nitrate uptake rates and f-ratios (ratio of nitrate uptake to total nitrogen consumption) at the stations located off the continental shelf. Near the coast, phytoplankton growth was predominantly supported by ammonium despite the high ambient nitrate concentrations. Along with ammonium concentrations as high as 3.6 µmol l^–1, this strongly suggests that nitrate uptake in the inshore SBUS, and by extension carbon drawdown, is inhibited by ammonium, at least in winter, although this has also been hypothesised for the summer.     

纳米 Fe2O3-SnO2 光催化降解海水养殖废水中的氨氮

通过共沉淀法制备纳米Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂,采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对其进行形貌、物象、粒径一系列的表征,研究结果显示制得的催化剂仍保持纯SnO_2四方金红石型结构.研究了Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂投加量、Fe_2O_3与SnO_2物质的量比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间、氨氮初始浓度、p H值、H2O2浓度以及光照反应时间等因素对海水养殖废水中氨氮降解效率的影响.在紫外光照射下进行正交实验,确定最优化反应条件:催化剂投加量为0.4 g/dm3,煅烧时间为3 h,物质的量比为1∶2,氨氮初始含量为50 mg/dm3,光照反应时间为2 h.这5个因素对Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化氧化速率影响的大小程度依次为:Fe_2O_3与SnO_2物质的量比煅烧时间Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂投加量氨氮初始浓度光照时间.氨氮去除率可以达到85.1%,相同条件可见光下也可达到82.3%.     

微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)的氮磷吸收、生长、产毒动态变化

采用浮游植物计数法、高效液相色谱串联质谱法、分光光度法等分析方法,探索了微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)在批次培养过程中氮磷吸收、产毒、生物量、p H等参数的动态变化关系。结果表明,微小亚历山大藻对磷的吸收迅速,可以将磷储存于体内,待生长使用。该藻对氮的吸收相对缓慢,环境中氮缺乏时,产毒量不再增加,说明氮对产毒有着重要的调控作用。在第二对数期中出现了碳限制环境,导致叶绿素a在碳限制条件下无法表征藻的生物量,相反,叶绿素a和生物量呈负线性关系,可能是叶绿素转化成其它含碳物质,用于生长。毒素不仅存在于细胞体内,培养液中(胞外)也含有毒素,并且胞外毒素从稳定期开始逐渐升高。胞内毒素的组成中GTX1/4占据绝对优势,GTX2/3含量相对较少。生长延缓期和第一对数期,各种毒素组成比例相对稳定,而在随后的生长期内,GTX1/4在总毒素中的占比逐渐上升,GTX2/3占比逐渐下降,表明微小亚历山大藻毒素组成会随着生长周期的变化而发生变化。     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素的雅浦海沟底栖生物食物来源和营养级初探

为了分析雅浦海沟中底栖生物群落的食物来源和营养级,本研究分析了雅浦海沟真光层中浮游植物和浮游动物、海底沉积物和巨型底栖生物（海绵、海参、海蛇尾、海星、海葵和钩虾）中的碳、氮稳定同位素组成。研究发现雅浦海沟真光层中的浮游植物和浮游动物δ13C值[（-22.8±0.4）‰和（-21.8±0.8）‰]和δ15N值[（5.4±0.4）‰和（6.8±0.2）‰]与巨型底栖生物的δ13C值（-20.1‰~-16.8‰）和δ15N值（11.9‰~17.9‰）的差异超过了一个营养级,表明作为底栖生物的初始食物来源的浮游植物和浮游动物在向下输送的过程中经历了食物链传递和细菌的降解。巨型底栖生物的δ15N和δ13C值之间无显著的相关性,此外不同物种之间营养级也存在明显差异,表现为海绵的营养级相对较高（3.4~4.7）,海参（3.3~3.6）、海蛇尾（3.4~3.5）和海星（3.2~3.7）的营养级较为接近,钩虾（2.9~3.3）和海葵（3.1）的营养级则相对略低,反映了底栖生物不同物种之间食物来源的多样化。     

Nitrogen inputs to seventy-four southern New England estuaries: Application of a watershed nitrogen loading model

Excess nitrogen inputs to estuaries have been linked to deteriorating water quality and habitat conditions which in turn have direct and indirect impacts on aquatic organisms. This paper describes the application of a previously verified watershed loading model to estimate total nitrogen loading rates and relative source contributions to 74 small-medium sized embayment-type estuaries in southern New England. The study estuaries exhibited a gradient in nitrogen inputs of a factor of over 7000. On an areal basis, the range represented a gradient of approximately a factor of 140. Therefore, all other factors being equal, the study design is sufficient to evaluate ecological effects conceptually tied to excess nitrogen along a nitrogen gradient. In addition to providing total loading inputs rates to the study estuaries, the model provides an estimate of the relative contribution of the nitrogen sources from each watershed to each associated estuary. Cumulative results of this analysis reveal the following source ranking (means): direct atmospheric deposition (37%), ≈wastewater (36%), >indirect atmospheric deposition (16%) > fertilizer (12%). However, for any particular estuary the relative magnitudes of these source types vary dramatically. Together with scientific evidence on symptoms of eutrophication, the results of this paper can be used to develop empirical pressure-state models to determine critical nitrogen loading limits for the protection of estuarine water quality.     

Diurnal variation of nitric oxide emission flux from a mangrove wetland in Zhangjiang River Estuary,China

The diurnal variation of nitric oxide (NO) emission fluxes from a Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina mangrove wetland were studied in the Zhangjiang River Estuary Mangrove National Nature Reserve using a dynamic chamber-based technique and a chemiluminescent analyzer. Results from field experiments show that NO emission from K. obovata and A. marina sampling sites reached maximal values of 1.07 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ and 1.23 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively after the night tide. Meanwhile NO emission maintained at a steady lower level in daytime for both wetland sites. In laboratory experiments, NO emission from the mangrove wetland soil samples treated with simulated tides in the darkness exhibited higher values than those in the light, therefore it seems that tides and darkness could increase NO emission from mangrove wetlands, while intensive light, high temperature, and dryness in the daytime decreased NO emission. Compared with K. obovata soil samples, the diurnal average NO emission rate of the A. marina site was significantly higher, which was closely related to relatively higher diurnal average CO₂ emission rate, soil available nitrogen content and soil net nitrification rate of the A. marina site. Moreover, soil samples of the A. marina site were more responsive to simulated tides and the addition of nitrogen than those of the K. obovata site.     

Benthic nutrient fluxes along the Laurentian Channel: Impacts on the N budget of the St. Lawrence marine system

Water column concentrations and benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and oxygen (DO) were measured in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (USLE and LSLE, respectively) to assess the nitrogen (N) budget in the St. Lawrence (SL) system, as well as to elucidate the impact of bottom water hypoxia on fixed-N removal in the LSLE. A severe nitrate deficit, with respect to ambient phosphate concentrations (N*∼−10 μmol L⁻¹), was observed within and in the vicinity of the hypoxic bottom water of the LSLE. Given that DO concentrations in the water column have remained above 50 μmol L⁻¹, nitrate reduction in suboxic sediments, rather than in the water column, is most likely responsible for the removal of fixed N from the SL system. Net nitrate fluxes into the sediments, derived from pore water nitrate concentration gradients, ranged from 190 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in the hypoxic western LSLE to 100 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in the Gulf. The average total benthic nitrate reduction rate for the Laurentian Channel (LC) is on the order of 690 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹, with coupled nitrification-nitrate reduction accounting for more than 70%. Using average nitrate reduction rates derived from the observed water column nitrate deficit, the annual fixed-N elimination within the three main channels of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and LSLE was estimated at 411 × 10⁶ t N, yielding an almost balanced N budget for the SL marine system.