内蒙古典型暴雨过程的中尺度雨团观测分析

利用FY-2E逐时云顶黑体亮温资料 (TBB)、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料和逐时降水资料,对2009—2013年6—8月内蒙古7例暴雨天气过程的中尺度雨团特征进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古暴雨的降水强度在1~3 h即可达到暴雨或大暴雨量级,中尺度雨团活动是内蒙古暴雨过程形成原因,而80%雨团活动是中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 造成的。MCS内TBB不超过-52℃冷云区和地闪密度大值中心对雨团强度和发展具有重要的指示作用,冷锋云系中MCS造成的雨团多原地生成和消亡,TBB不超过-52℃冷云区面积小,维持时间为2~8 h,地闪密度增长缓慢而且发生频次低;冷涡云系中雨团跳跃式出现在MCS冷云区或冷空气流入一侧,出现TBB不超过-62℃冷云区,雨团出现频次高,持续出现时间可长达24 h,地闪密度增长迅速且发生频次高。7次暴雨过程中约有60%雨团伴有地闪活动,地闪密度达到最大值时刻预示未来1~3 h最强雨团出现和MCS发展到成熟。地面加密风场中尺度辐合线先于MCS和雨团出现,中尺度辐合线造成的局地辐合可作为MCS发展的启动机制。     

Evolution of forest precipitation water storage measurement methods

Precipitation intercepted by forests plays a major role in more than one‐fourth of the global land area's hydrologic cycle. Direct in situ measurement of intercepted precipitation is challenging, and thus, it is typically indirectly estimated through comparing precipitation under forest cover and in the open. We discuss/compare measurement methods for forest precipitation interception beyond classical budgeting and then recommend future directions for improving water storage estimation. Comparison of techniques shows that methods submerging tree components produce the largest water storage capacity values. Whole‐tree lysimeters have been used with great success at quantifying water storage for the integrated system yet are unable to separate trunk versus canopy storage. Remote sensing, particularly signal attenuation, may permit this separation. Mechanical displacement methods show great promise and variety of techniques: pulley/spring system, branch strain sensors, trunk compression sensors and photography. Relating wind sway to water storage also shows great promise with negligible environmental disruption yet is currently at the proof‐of‐concept stage. Suggested future directions focus on development of common features regarding all discussed methods: (i) measurement uncertainties or processes beyond interception influencing the observed signal, (ii) scaling approaches to move from single tree components to the single‐tree and forest scales and (iii) temporal scaling to estimate the relevance of single‐interception components over longer timescales. Through addressing these research needs, we hope the scientific community can develop an ‘integrated’ monitoring plan incorporating multiple measurement techniques to characterize forest‐scale water storage dynamics while simultaneously investigating underlying (smaller‐scale) components driving those dynamics across the spectrum of precipitation and forest conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental factors regulating stream nitrate concentrations at baseflow condition in a large region encompassing a climatic gradient

Though high rates of nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching from forests are undesirable, the factors significantly regulating stream NO₃⁻ concentration is not clarified yet. In Japan, not only near metropolitan areas but also the Japan Sea-side area with heavy snowfall is well known for receiving more than 10 kg-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of nitrogen (N) deposition. However, NO₃⁻ concentration in stream water is relatively low in the Japan Sea-side area compared with its concentration in other areas. We examined important environmental factors regulating stream NO₃⁻ concentrations at baseflow condition in a large region of Japan, the Kinki region (KIN) including a part of Japan Sea-side (JSK) using Random Forest regression. The amounts of N deposition and precipitation were common regulating factors for stream NO₃⁻ concentration at baseflow condition. Random forest showed the significant correlation between the factors related to ecosystem N retention and stream NO₃⁻ concentration at baseflow condition, and it suggests that large N deposited during the growing season was incorporated into the ecosystem in the entire KIN. Heavy rain and snow flush N and wash out N accumulated in the surface soil, causing small N accumulation in forests. Also, large precipitation dilute NO₃⁻ concentration in baseflows. These things lowered stream NO₃⁻ concentration at baseflow condition. Especially in JSK, most of N deposed with the heavy snow flushed out during the snowmelt period. We provided the first statistical confirmation using Random Forest regression that N accumulation and cycling in forest ecosystems were related to NO₃⁻ leaching from forests into streams.     

基于云微物理过程的北方冻雨的模拟与形成机制研究

本文通过耦合AFWA(Air Force Weather Agency)冻雨参数化方案的WRF模式,对2020年冬季因暖锋引发的中国北方严重冻雨灾害个例进行了模拟,结果显示模式能够很好地模拟此次冻雨过程中降水相态的空间分布。通过分析暖锋的演变、水成物云微物理特征以及降水相态的变化,得到：在辽宁中北部—吉林中东部地区,暖锋导致中低空形成“冷—暖—冷”的温度层结,该区冻雨形成机制以“冰相机制”为主,即高空的雪花落入大于0℃暖层内融化、再降落到次冻结层后形成冻雨。同时,发现存在高空无固态水成物、逆温层内暖雨下落到次冻结层在地面形成冻雨的现象,这种新机制被定义为“暖雨机制”,更多水成物垂直剖面与同期地面观测降水相态的比对,验证了新机制的存在,并解释了该机制形成的可能原因。为更深入理解冻雨形成机理以及北方冻雨的预报、预警提供科学支撑。     

泄洪雾化降雨对水布垭大岩淌滑坡地下水分布的影响研究

清江水布垭大岩淌滑坡位于水布垭水电站坝址区后部,正处于溢洪道泄洪时产生的雾化强暴雨中心地带,这种强雾化雨会显著影响滑坡体内的地下水分布,并给滑坡体的稳定带来不良后果。利用三维饱和非饱和稳定渗流有限元法对大岩淌滑坡在天然降雨以及高强度雾化降雨条件下的地下水流场分布进行了计算分析,后比较了滑体不同防、排渗措施的渗控效果。     

泄洪雾雨作用下边坡饱和非饱和非稳定渗流研究

泄洪雾雨作用下的边坡岩体饱和非饱和渗流问题是目前我国西南地区在建和已建高坝所面临的一个共同问题。从理论上分析了雾雨作用下饱和非饱和介质中水分运动特征;根据饱和渗流和非饱和渗流的数学模型,建立起统一的岩体饱和非饱和非稳定渗流数学模型;编制了有地表入渗作用的饱和非饱和非稳定渗流三维有限元计算程序;对有限元求解中的容水度问题、非饱和水力参数问题以及初始水头场问题作了相应的优化处理;以实际工程为例进行了饱和非饱和渗流分析,计算结果表明,比天然降雨雨强大很多的雾雨入渗会形成对边坡稳定不利的暂态饱和区,并引起地下水位的抬高;暂态饱和区的大小和地下水位的增幅取决于边坡表面的护坡效应和排水、防渗帷幕等措施,因此应该加强边坡表面的保护以及合理的设置排水、帷幕等措施,以减少入渗和地下水位的抬高。     

秦岭-黄淮平原交界带自然地理若干特征分析

文章探讨了秦岭-黄淮平原交界带划分的依据和方法,然后就其自然地理过渡性、暴雨频繁发生和坡地暖带及其自然地理效应进行讨论。研究表明:交界带自然地理要素不仅具有西部山地和东部平原之间的过渡性,而且北亚热带和暖温带地理成分在这里彼此交汇。交界带暴雨频繁,且以大暴雨为主,集中分布在海拔100~200 m之间。交界带冬季气温高于平原0.5~0.8℃,1月最高气温出现在海拔350~400 m之间,形成特有的坡地暖带,暖带厚度100~250 m。交界带暴雨频繁和暖坡效应是大气环流和交界带地貌格局共同作用的结果,且对本区土壤发育和植物分布等具有重大影响。     

广西各地的雨季开始与汛期雨量分布型的分析

统计分析了广西各地雨季开始日的时空分布特点,指出江南极锋雨带南移使广西雨季自北向南相继开始,NE季风与SE季风共同作用使广西雨季东部先于西部,地处云贵高原余脉、右江上游的百色,雨季的开始与南海热带季风爆发有关.分析了广西各地主汛期雨量分布的"单峰型"和"双峰型"形成原因以及单双峰型的转换机理,指出影响广西的热带气旋频数大小的变化,是后汛期峰值时隐时现的主要原因.对全区性雨季偏早或偏迟年份的雨量和雨量分布型也作了对比分析,所揭示的相关事实,对天气预测有一定参考意义.     

Spatial variability and interdependence of rain event characteristics in the Czech Republic

Rain event characteristics are assessed in a 10‐year (1991–2000) record for 122 stations in the Czech Republic. Individual rain events are identified using the minimum interevent time (mit) concept. For each station, the optimal mit value is estimated by examining the distribution of interevent times. In addition, various mit values are considered to account for the effect of mit on rain event characteristics and their interrelationships. The interdependence between rain event characteristics and altitude, average rainfall depth, and geographic location are explored using simple linear models. Most rain event characteristics can be to some extent explained by average total rainfall or altitude, although models including the former significantly outperformed models using the latter. Significant correlation was found among several pairs of monthly mean characteristics often including event rain rate (with event duration, depth, maximum intensity, and fraction of intraevent rainless periods). Moreover, strong correlation was revealed between number of events, interevent time, event depth, and duration. In general, correlation decreases in absolute value with mit. Strong spatial correlation was found for the mean monthly interevent time and number of events. Spatial correlation was considerably smaller for other characteristics. In general, spatial dependence was smaller for larger mit values. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.