不同堆载形式对群桩负摩阻力的影响

在既有桥墩桩基础周围土体堆载时,会引起土体的沉降和侧向变形,进而在桩身产生负摩阻力,对桩基变形及承载性能有很大影响。为研究围载和单侧边载作用下群桩中不同位置桩基的受力差异,以3×3群桩基础为研究对象,进行围载和单侧边载作用下的模型试验,分析了不同位置桩基轴力、侧摩阻力、中性点位置和基桩承载力安全系数等的变化规律及差异。研究结果表明：围载工况下,角桩的轴力、侧摩阻力最大,边桩次之,中心桩最小;中性点位置角桩最深,边桩略高,中心桩距桩顶最近。边载工况下,靠近边载侧和中间一排桩基轴力、侧摩阻力与围载时的变化规律类似,远离边载侧的一排桩基受边载影响较小,无负摩阻力;各桩基中性点位置变化规律类似于围载工况。与围载工况相比,边载时同一位置桩身轴力、负摩阻力均较小,中性点位置较高。与单侧边载工况相比,围载时各基桩承载力安全系数FS均较小且随荷载的增大衰减梯度较大。该研究成果为不同堆载形式下群桩基础的设计提供参考。     

刚性桩复合地基中性面深度与桩土应力比计算

刚性桩复合地基中性面深度及桩土应力比的简化计算主要基于桩侧摩阻力线性分布假设,当桩身较长时,桩端侧摩阻力的计算值会远大于实际值,致使中性面深度及桩土应力比的计算结果与实际差别较大,故有必要对线性分布模式予以修正。据此将桩侧摩阻力分布简化为分段线性模式,考虑负摩阻力作用及桩上、下刺入变形,根据褥垫层-桩-土变形协调关系推导了刚性桩复合地基中性面深度、桩顶面桩土应力比、中性面桩土应力比计算公式。最后通过模型试验与工程实例验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

Calculation and analysis of negative skin of monopile applied for offshore wind turbine

Monopiles are considered to be as a kind of viable foundation types for offshore wind turbines. The effect of negative skin friction on pile foundation is always an important problem. There are very important theoretical and practical significance to study the distribution law of negative skin friction and the calculation method. Based on the special stratum, the stress and strain of the monopile and soil are simplified, and the improved Kezdi’s double-broken-line model is adopted. The analytical solution of negative skin friction of monopile is deduced according to the degree of skin friction. An engineering case was analyzed by the method, and the calculated results agree well with the measured data. The calculation method proposed can accurately describe the range of the monopile skin frictional distribution and the position of the neutral point, and it is simple and convenient to calculate, that is also a feasible method for calculating the negative skin friction of monopile of offshore wind turbines in practical engineering.     

Numerical simulations of a highway bridge structure employing passive negative stiffness device for seismic protection

A new passive seismic response control device has been developed, fabricated, and tested by the authors and shown to be capable of producing negative stiffness via a purely mechanical mechanism, thus representing a new generation of seismic protection devices. Although the concept of negative stiffness may appear to be a reversal on the desired relationship between the force and displacement in structures (the desired relationship being that the product of restoring force and displacement is nonnegative), when implemented in parallel with a structure having positive stiffness, the combined system appears to have substantially reduced stiffness while remaining stable. Thus, there is an ‘apparent weakening and softening’ of the structure that results in reduced forces and increased displacements (where the weakening and softening is of a non‐damaging nature in that it occurs in a seismic protection device rather than within the structural framing system). Any excessive displacement response can then be limited by incorporating a damping device in parallel with the negative stiffness device. The combination of negative stiffness and passive damping provides a large degree of control over the expected performance of the structure. In this paper, a numerical study is presented on the performance of a seismically isolated highway bridge model that is subjected to various strong earthquake ground motions. The Negative Stiffness Devices (NSDs) are described along with their hysteretic behavior as obtained from a series of cyclic tests wherein the tests were conducted using a modified design of the NSDs (modified for testing within the bridge model). Using the results from the cyclic tests, numerical simulations of the seismic response of the isolated bridge model were conducted for various configurations (with/without negative stiffness devices and/or viscous dampers). The results demonstrate that the addition of negative stiffness devices reduces the base shear substantially, while the deck displacement is limited to acceptable values. This assessment was conducted as part of a NEES (Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) project which included shaking table tests of a quarter‐scale highway bridge model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同平衡堆载条件下桩基承载特性的原位试验研究

沿海吹填围垦地区土质较差,淤泥软弱土层较厚,在后期填土作用下土体会产生很大的固结沉降。后期不同堆载填土方式对桥梁基础影响较大,可降低基桩承载力,同时平衡堆载主要增加基桩的沉降,而不平衡堆载则对基桩水平位移影响较大。结合台州湾大桥工程建设,选取3根基桩进行了平衡堆载（围载）试验,另外,选取了3根基桩进行了不平衡堆载试验,研究不同堆载条件下对桩基承载特性的影响。现场试验结果表明,平衡堆载条件下主要引起桩侧产生负摩阻力,堆载高度达到4 m,堆载面积为24 m×16 m时,负摩阻力总和达到2 687 kN左右,中性点深度约为29.5 m,约为0.36倍桩长,且负摩阻力的发展是随时间而变化的;不平衡堆载条件下主要产生土拱效应,使桩基产生较大的水平位移,试验中不平衡堆载对吹填区的影响主要在距离地面20 m范围之内,土中最大水平位移出现在距离地面4～5 m左右位置,而桩身最大水平位移出现在桩顶。     

高压水及负压加载状态下三轴应力渗流试验装置的研制

针对目前相关的三轴渗流试验装置缺乏高压水及负压加载功能而不能对高压水及负压加载状态下煤样瓦斯渗流规律进行研究这一问题,研制出了煤样试件出口负压可调并可对其进行高压水加载的新型三轴应力渗流试验装置。该装置主要由三轴应力加载系统、气体渗透系统、水力压裂控制系统、气体流量测试系统、传感与控制系统5部分组成,能够进行高压水及负压载荷下的各种单轴与三轴渗流试验。研究表明,该装置能够模拟抽采钻孔负压状态下煤体内的瓦斯运移规律及考察高压水对煤体的压裂效果,在实验室能完成对煤体试样负压状态下的渗流规律研究以及试件采取水力压裂措施后的增透效果考察。     

青藏块体东北缘弹性块体边界负位错反演与强震地点预测

利用青藏块体东北缘1993——1999年、1999——2001年和2001——2003年3个时段的GPS水平运动速度场成果,通过研究建立的弹性块体边界负位错模型反演,给出该区构造块体及其边界断裂运动与变形差异、构造应变场时空分布、高应变能积累部位以及强度的定性分析和定量描述. 在充分考虑区域构造及块体应变的前提下,研究与该区6级左右及6级以上地震地点预测相关的背景性前兆的共性特征.      

桩基内力长期监测中的蠕变影响分析

以黄土地区桩基浸水试验为代表的桩身内力长期监测过程中,桩身混凝土除发生弹性应变外还会发生蠕变,以往工作中往往忽略了混凝土在轴力长期作用下蠕变对测试结果的影响,但蠕变真实存在,它对内力测试结果的影响程度以及如何消除其影响值得研究。根据现场实测试验资料对比分析表明,长时间的桩基内力测试应考虑桩身蠕变的影响;基于混凝土蠕变的相关理论,推导了从实测应变中扣除桩身蠕变的公式;从消除蠕变影响角度分析了黄土桩基浸水试验中应采取的措施,其关键技术是控制试验桩的混凝土强度等级,在桩顶附近设置标定段,并保持标定段混凝土的温度和湿度恒定,且与下部桩体一致,获得具有代表性的蠕变度函数曲线。     

现浇X形桩桩承式加筋路堤三维有限元分析

桩承式加筋路堤在高速公路软基处理中得到了广泛应用,但目前对其承载变形机制还缺乏深刻认识。结合南京长江第四大桥北接线段软基加固工程,基于数值方法对现浇X形桩桩承式加筋路堤中桩土沉降、桩土应力、桩身轴力及超静孔隙水压力的发展变化规律进行了分析。研究结果表明,受土拱效应影响,路堤填筑荷载主要由桩体承担,桩及桩间土土压力在路堤填筑过程中均逐渐增大,在软基固结过程中,桩顶土压力继续增大而桩间土土压力逐渐减小,最终趋于各自的稳定值;路堤填筑过程中桩身轴力增长较快,现浇X形桩桩身上部较大部分区段存在负摩阻力,桩身中性点位置经历了先逐渐上移、而后向下移动,最终趋于稳定的过程。