气候变化对黄河上游天然径流量影响分析

根据黄河上游兰州以上地区1959-2002年历年逐月气温、降水量资料,统计分析了近44年区域气候变化的基本特点,同时通过对各站气温、降水量与兰州站年天然径流量相关系数的计算,选取代表站及典型时段,建立天然径流量计算公式,并计算分析了天然径流量对气候变化的敏感性及气候变化对径流的影响程度。结果表明：(1)年径流量随降水的递增而加大,随气温的升高而减小;(2)径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更显著;(3)20世纪90年代以来,气候变化对天然年径流量的影响较显著,其影响幅度达13．2％。     

新疆阿勒泰市城市山地灾害及减灾对策研究

新疆阿勒泰市坐落于阿尔泰山南麓低山丘陵带的狭长断陷谷地内,相应的生物气候带属干旱荒漠与干草原带,是山地环境变化和人类活动反应最为敏感地带。随着山区资源开发,城镇建设的蓬勃发展,城镇面积不断扩大,周围山区生态环境遭到不同程度的破坏。近30年来,阿勒泰市周边的山洪、水土流失、泥石流、崩塌等山地灾害日趋严重,给当地经济发展和人民生命财产带来了巨大损失,山地灾害成为制约阿勒泰市社会、经济、环境协调持续发展的屏障。在分析山地灾害类型和形成条件基础上,对山地灾害分布规律、活动与危害特征进行了论述,山地灾害对市区造成的直接和间接经济损失及影响进行了综合评估,提出了相应的防灾减灾措施。     

1480-1940年广东地区气候干湿变化与旱涝灾害区域分异特征

1 IntroductionThe natural disasters, especially the flood and drought disasters, have occurred frequently inG uangdong area since ancienttim es.A ccording to historic statisticaldata,since the 17th century,the occurrence of the flood and drought disasters…     

防雷接闪器选择和布置

运用数理统计方法对接闪器的保护范围进行分析,选择最佳的接闪器保护建筑物,并引用雷击事故的事例加以说明。     

Q值研究动态

随着人们观测能力的提高和观测手段的改善,反映地球介质特性的仅利用天然地震波对Q值进行测量,还在实验室内对地震波的衰减理论和然地震波测量Q值的主要方法有：利用地球自由振荡资料、利用体波、利验室中对地震波衰减的研究为衰减机理提供了研究基础。这些研究都不断性及动力学过程的认识。值的研究不断深化和发展。人们不量Q值的方法进行了研究。利用天面波和利用尾波来研究Q值。而实加深了我们对于地球内部介质的特Q测用地。     

地球层析成像在减轻灾害中的作用

目的说明地球层析成像一词的含义和它所包括的分支有:地震层析,电阻率层析,大地电磁层析,磁共振成像, 地震破裂面照相以及探地雷达成像等.概括当前这几种手段的成就,所能达到的成像精密度, 用现代的计算方法、反演地下介质速度、衰减Q值、密度、孔隙度分布、介质破裂程度,可提高震源定位精度,再借鉴医学上检测癌细胞发生、发展过程的模式,建立相应的预测模式.判断未来破坏性地震的孕震结构,发展趋势,以及地下水与电阻率图像随季节变化的关系.初步阐明地球层析成像在减轻地震灾害、洪水灾害与火山喷发灾害中的作用.将地电阻率层析与磁共振测深成像相结合应用于探测地下水的一些基本分布特征,判定潜伏断层的特征,追踪电阻率异常区其附近的电性精细结构,分辨率可以达到1米左右.结合起来可探测地下裂隙分布,发现活断层,对高层建筑物(80米以上)和大型桥梁、水坝、堤防的安全性评价具有重要作用,以便及早加固,以减轻损失;结论利用上述地球层析成像的几种手段,可以探测地下活动断层、孕震结构和地下水与电阻率随季节的变动,为判定高楼和堤坝的安全性提供依据,在减轻灾害中发挥日益重要的作用.     

胜利油田防震减灾信息管理及GIS系统数据库建设

结合胜利油田暨东营市防震减灾示范区项目中基于GIS平台的防震减灾信息管理与辅助决策系统建设的经验,对该系统建设中的有关数据库建设问题进行了讨沦,并针对存在的技术问题提出了合理化改进建议。     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

Assessment of Risk Due to Debris Flow and Its Application to a Marine Environment

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior and mechanism of a debris flow on various slopes through numerical simulation. The numerical simulation consisted of using equations related to mass conservation and momentum conservation in order to consider erosion and deposition, and the Finite Difference Method was applied. As the inflow water discharge in the upstream of the channel increases, the curve of the water discharge exhibits instability and, as time passes, the fluctuation of the high water discharge continues. In regions where the mountain areas and the ocean are connected, it is deduced that the high level of sediment concentration can greatly affect the environment surrounding the ocean. The numerical model of this study was applied in Kangwon Province of South Korea. The results show that when the debris flow reaches downstream, the flow discharge and water flow depth increase. Erosion occurs more than deposition and much of the sediment runs off downstream. The result of the simulation performed at point of sediment discharge runoff is 114,216 m³. This study will provide useful information in predicting disasters caused by debris flow and in planning for various countermeasures to prevent debris-flow-related disasters.     

Cyclic behavior of natural organic clay under variable confining pressure that match traffic loading conditions

ABSTRACT

One-way cyclic loading is more typical for traffic loading and cyclic triaxial test has been recognized as a useful method for solving many engineering problems. Under traffic loading, the influence of variable confining pressure on cyclic behavior of natural organic clay subjected to cyclic traffic loading is rarely reported in the literature. In this study, a laboratory investigation on undrained cyclic behavior of natural organic clay is presented and conducted by cyclic triaxial apparatus. Tests are conducted by both constant confining pressure and variable confining pressure, to simulate the loading conditions induced by passing vehicles in actual engineering. Different stress levels are also considered in this study. By comparing between the results of constant confining pressure tests and variable confining pressure tests, it shows that the one-way cyclic behavior of organic clay is influenced significantly by variation of confining pressure, in terms of pore water pressure, permanent axial strain and stress–strain hysteretic loops.