江黄颡(Pelteobagrus vachelli)和乌苏里拟鳞(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)杂交F1代形态差异

通过测定江黄颡雌、雄亲本,乌苏里拟鲿雌、雄亲本以及它们的正交F1代和反交F1代共6个实验鱼组合的形态和框架数据,运用卡方分析和多无分析方法,比较了杂交F1代与亲本之间的形态异同.可数性状卡方分析结果表明正、反交F1代与双亲在大部分可数性状上是一致的.但在胸鳍鳍条数上存在明显差异,胸鳍鳍条数可以作为区别杂交F1代与双亲的...     

灵北断裂带黄埠岭-七里山段构造地球化学找矿预测

采用构造地球化学方法,在黄埠岭-七厘山测区约13.8km2范围,共采集865个样品,测试了Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Ni、Co、Mo、Sn、As、Sb、Hg、Ba、B、Mn、V、Ti、Cr等19种元素.Au异常的分布与测区已知矿体分布范围相吻合,其中黄埠岭测区Au异常范围最大、强度最高,七厘山测区及凤凰庄-选...     

The multivariate controls of hydraulic geometry: A causal investigation in terms of boundary shear distribution

Most downstream hydraulic geometry exponents have been found to be very close to the classic values reported by Leopold and Maddock (1953). These have been viewed as the simplified cases to general trends because the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels is actually the product of ‘multivariate controls’ (Richards, 1982). This paper is an attempt to develop a soundly based foundation for the explanation of the physical mechanisms of these controls. A quantitative relationship between channel shape and boundary shear distribution developed from experimental flume results is found to be applicable in some instances to alluvial channels, particularly to stable canals. On the basis of this relationship, it is shown that downstream hydraulic geometry is determined not only by flow discharge, but also by channel slope, channel average roughness and sediment composition of the channel boundary. This is strongly supported by our analysis of 529 observations from both stable canals and natural rivers in the U.S.A. and the U.K. The difference between regime relations in canals and the hydraulic geometry of rivers appears to be caused mainly by channel slope and average roughness, which can be regarded as constants only in stable canals. The close relationship between discharge and channel average roughness observed in canals is not repeated in natural channels, partly because of the variety of flow values used to define the channel-forming discharge. Furthermore, it is indicated that the effects of the sediment composition of the channel boundary on hydraulic geometry are significant and need further investigation.     

桤木人工林结瘤固氮的时空变化及其对后续植物的效应(Ⅱ)

桤木人工林在山丘区的根瘤固氮活性3～6μmol/(g·h),活性受多种因素影响,变幅相当大,而变化规律仍明显.五年生桤木固氮量1～4mg/(株·h).固氮量取决于结瘤量,pH和质地亦影响显著.壤质的低钙质紫色土固氮能力较高,重壤质的酸性紫色土和黄壤固氮能力较低.十年生桤木林采伐迹地上,桤木固氮改良土壤,并促进后续植物的生长.     

对应聚类分析

对应聚类分析是一种多元统计分析方法。它吸取了对应分析和聚类分析的主要优点,在充分利用多维空间信息的基础上,该方法将变量类别、样品类别和它们间的对应关系清晰显示于单—图件,即对应聚类谱系图。近年来的许多实例说明该方法在地质和勘查地球化学中的应用是有成效的。本文详细叙述了对应聚类分析的计算方法,通过一些验证性实例介绍了方法效果,并简要讨论了为什么能获得较好效果的原因。     

Cluster analysis of seismic moment tensor orientations

This paper demonstrates that well-known methods of cluster analysis and multivariate data analysis are useful for geodynamic interpretation of seismic moment tensors. To use these methods, moment tensors are expressed as vectors in a 6-D space. These are vectors in a rigorous sense, rather than an arbitrary set of ordered numbers, because a dot product can be defined that is independent of the coordinate system. In this vector space, non-isotropic moment tensors are a 5-D linear subspace and normalized moment tensors are unit vectors, or points on a unit sphere. Distance along a great circle of the unit sphere satisfies reasonable requirements for any measure of the difference between normalized moment tensors. In regions with a few isolated sets of orientations, cluster analysis based on the great circle distance identifies the same groups of earthquakes that a seismologist would. Figures based on principal component analysis and discriminant analysis illustrate orientation clustering better than equal area projections of moment tensor principal axes. In one case where clusters have been claimed to exist, orientations appear to be continuously distributed and no evidence is found for separate populations of moment tensors.     

Universal cokriging under intrinsic coregionalization

Under the intrinsic coregionalization model if both primary and secondary measurements are available at all sample locations, the conventional geostatistical wisdom is that cokriging provides exactly the same solution as univariate kriging on the primary process alone. However, recent eamples have been given where nonzero secondary cokriging weights have accurred under this spatial dependence structure. This note identifies the conditions under which secondary information is useful under the assumption of intrinsic coregionalization. An illustration is given using a dataset of plutonium and americium concentrations collected from a region of the Nevada Test Site.     

灰色理论和回归分析组合模型在变形分析中的应用

从GM(1,1)和多元回归分析模型出发,建立了灰色理论和回归分析组合模型。经过实验检验可知,灰色理论和回归分析组合模型有着良好的拟合预测能力,是一种有效的变形分析模型。     

论油气资源的多元勘探

油气资源勘探的常规方案大致是普查—详查—细测、物探—地质—钻井等。本研究团队在前人研究与应用基础上,经过多年的资源勘探实践,逐步形成了油气资源的多元勘探理论。该理论体系是由受控区域构造不同地质时代构造运动叠合作用下的多构造属性单元、不同油气属性特征的目标单元、不同物源属性的多学科多尺度地球物理勘探单元,以及不同作用的地球物理方法技术单元等所组构。本文以松辽盆地滨北地区、佳伊断裂上的汤伊地堑带为例论述了该勘探理论。松辽盆地自古生代至中新生代受控于古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋、西太平洋构造域的顺时针以挤压应力场为主的作用,同时该应力场作用具有一定的叠合表现。由区域地球物理、精细地球物理、石油地质、岩石物理、计算地球物理等不同学科的联合研究,对深层、探查程度低的油气新层系新领域目标进行了多尺度方法技术探查,最终提出目标区的油气性新认识。上述勘探新理论的建立延展了油气勘探思路,补充了已有的勘探方案,同时这一勘探理论也有益于固体矿产资源的探查。     

Spatio‐temporal variations in demersal fish assemblages and diversity in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada)

Species diversity is generally considered one of the key factors of ecosystem resilience in response to anthropogenic pressures, including fishing. In this context, the spatial and temporal changes in demersal fish assemblages and species diversity were investigated in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), over a 20‐year period (1990–2010). Data were obtained from the summer research survey conducted by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and include commercial and non‐commercial species. The study covers the period of groundfish fishery collapse, the moratorium period, and the post‐moratorium period, and reflects various modifications in management. Multivariate statistical methods revealed two communities. A coastal community corresponds to strata located above 200 m depth and a deeper community located in the deep channels. Interannual differences in the composition of fish assemblages were observed and are mainly due to the changes in the relative biomass of some dominant species. Three diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson's Index of Diversity and Motomura's constant) indicate a slight but significant increase of the diversity over time. This trend is due to the increase of the relative biomass of low‐rank species, which may have been favoured by the prohibition of groundfish trawling after 1997 in that region. The geographical distribution of the Shannon–Wiener index also shows temporal dynamics reflecting the biomass distribution of dominant demersal species.