Multifractal versus monofractal analysis of wetland topography

The land surface elevation distribution will serve as fundamental input data to any wetland flow model. As an alternative to the traditional smooth function approach to represent or interpolate elevation data, we explore the use of Levy monofractals and universal multifractals as a means for defining a statistically equivalent topography. The motivation behind this effort is that fractals, like natural topography, are irregular, they offer a way to relate elevation variations measured at different scales, and the relationships are of a statistical nature. The study site was a riparian wetland near Savannah, GA, that contained beavers, and a total of four elevation transects were examined. The elevation increments showed definite non-Gaussian behavior, with parameter values, such as the Hurst coefficient and Lévy index (α), depending on the question of presence of beaver activity. It was obvious that the data were highly irregular, especially the transects influenced by beavers. Significantly different α values were obtained depending on whether the entire data set or just the tails were examined, which demonstrated inability of the monofractal model to reflect fully the irregularity of wetland data. Further analysis confirmed definite multifractal scaling, and it is concluded that the multifractal model is superior for this data set. Universal multifractal parameters are calculated and compared to those obtained previously for more typical terrain. Although it is difficult to consider a unique universal multifractal parameter α for the entire wetland, multifractal-like scaling was evident in each transect as reflected by the nonlinear behaviors of the scaling functions. We demonstrate a good agreement between theory and measurements up to a critical order of statistical moments, q _D , close to 3.5 and obtain realistic unconditioned simulations of multifractal wetland topography based on our parameter estimates. Future work should be devoted to conditioning multifractal realizations to data and to obtaining larger data sets so that the question of anisotropy may be studied.     

Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition at different crust depths

IntroductionFocal depths of shallow strong intraplate earthquakes are mostly distributed in the highstrength range of lithosphere controlled by the rheology property of granite and diorite (Brace,Kohlstedt, 1980; Sibson, 1982; Meissner, Strehlau, 1982; CHEN, Molnap 1983). This is obviouslyrelated to the change of rock deformation characteriStics at different crust depths. So, for earthquake stUdy, both of the rock failure types (fractUre or rock flow) and its mechanical instabilityforms (…     

Geochemical and Geophysical Data Processing Aided by“Multifractal-Spectrum”Filters for GIS-Based Mineral Exploration

The commonesttask in m ineral exploration is to separateanomalies to reflect distinct geochemical processes (and geo-physical objects) such as m ineralization of various types.Thispaper introduces the recently- developed“multifractal- spec-trum”filters(MSF) for separating various types of geochemi-cal and geophysical anomalies from their the background basedon the distributions of their two- dimensional power spectra(Cheng et al.,1999) . The processing of lake- sediment geo-chemical data an…     

四川平武雪宝顶绿柱石的振动光谱

自然界中绿柱石晶体多为柱状,具板状晶形的绿柱石非常少见。对产 于四川雪宝顶 云英岩晶洞中的无色透明板状绿柱石及产于雪宝顶蒲口坡石英脉中的绿柱石进行了红外和拉 曼光谱分析,并与产于阿尔泰三号伟晶岩脉中的柱状绿柱石进行了比较。雪宝顶两个绿柱 石的结构通道中的水以II型水为主,而阿尔泰绿柱石结构通道中的水以I型水为主。雪宝顶 绿柱石中Li对Be的替换也对它的红外及拉曼光谱造成了影响。     

使用SOFM方法进行恒星光谱自动分类

ＳＯＦＭ是人工神经网络的非监督学习算法,可以将数据组织到一个特征图上,而保存 大多数原始数据空间的拓扑特征．使用这种方法进行恒星光谱自动分类,分类结果与哈佛 序列十分相似．ＳＯＦＭ方法应该是进行大数量恒星光谱样本在线分类的有用方法,它能 够自动执行,因此可用于处理大数量天体光谱．     

Sensitivity analysis of site effects on response spectra of pipelines

In this paper, a numerical sensitivity analysis of the site effect on dynamic response of pipelines embedded in some idealised soil deposits resting on a halfspace covering a wide range of soil profiles encountered in practice and subjected to vertically propagating shear waves, is presented. The power spectrum of the lateral differential displacement between two distant points due to the site effect is formulated analytically by using an analytical amplification function of a viscoelastic inhomogenous soil profile overlying either a compliant halfspace or a bedrock, represented by a more realistic continuous model. Also, Kanai-Tajimi spectrum parameters are estimated and expressed analytically from the soil profile model. Finally, results in the form of stochastic response spectrum of pipelines, for different key soil and pipeline parameters, are given and discussed.     

弹塑性地震反应谱的长周期特性研究

在基于性能抗震设计中弹塑性反应谱在计算结构地震位移反应方面越来越受到重视。利用统计分析方法研究了等强度的延性需求谱和等延性的强度折减系数谱的长周期(至5 s)区段的特性,关注的重点是等位移准则和场地条件影响。给出了若干具有工程价值的结论:一是周期介于1.5Tg(地震动特征周期)和2.5 s之间的结构可近似认为等位移准则成立且与场地条件关系不大,这样确定的强度折减系数当位移延性系数小于等于4时结果将是偏于安全的;二是结构周期大于2.5 s后以硬土场地等延性强度折减系数谱或等强度延性需求谱代替软土场地谱求解系统强度需求或延性需求,将会得到偏于安全的结果。     

地震总输入能量与瞬时输入能量谱的研究

现有的抗震设计理论大多是基于承载力或强度的设计方法,与其相应的反应谱理论最大的缺陷是无法反映地震动持时的影响,而以地震动能量作为设计参数时就能弥补现有抗震理论的不足。本文按照反应谱理论的思路建立了线性单自由度体系的地震动总输入能量谱和瞬时输入能量谱。研究发现,阻尼比为5%时的地震动总输入能量谱和最大瞬时输入能量谱的等价速度谱可以分别用阻尼比为0.5%和10%下的拟速度谱来近似获得;地震波的V/A值大于0.15时,总输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值与地震波的强震持时呈线性增长关系,V/A值小于0.15时,两者间的关系无规律性。最大瞬时输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值基本不受地震波的V/A值与强震持时的影响;输入能量谱(总输入能量谱与最大瞬时输入能量谱)的特征周期随地震波V/A值的增大而增大,根据分析结果本文提出了线性单自由度体系输入能量谱的简化计算方法,方法简便,计算结果偏安全。     

Code‐based record selection methods for seismic performance assessment of buildings

The recent concerns regarding the seismic safety of the existing building stock have highlighted the need for an improvement of current seismic assessment procedures. Alongside with the development of more advanced commercial software tools and computational capacities, nonlinear dynamic analysis is progressively becoming a common and preferable procedure in the seismic assessment of buildings. Besides the complexity associated with the formulation of the mathematical model, major issues arise related with the definition of the seismic action, which can lead to different levels of uncertainty in terms of local and global building response. Aiming to address this issue, a comparative study of different code‐based record selection methods proposed by Eurocode 8, ASCE41‐13 and NZS1170.5:2004 is presented herein. The various methods are employed in the seismic assessment of four steel buildings, designed according to different criteria, and the obtained results are compared and discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the number of real ground motion records selected on the estimation of the mean seismic response and, importantly, to the efficiency that is achieved when an additional selection criteria, based on the control of the spectral mismatch of each individual record with respect to the reference response spectrum, is adopted. The sufficiency of the methods with respect to the pairs of M–R of the selected group of records and the robustness of the scaling procedure are also examined. The paper closes with a study which demonstrates the suitability of a simplified probability‐based approach recently proposed for estimating mean seismic demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation on the accuracy of the N2 method and the equivalent linearization procedure for different hysteretic models

In this paper, an extensive parametric study was carried out to evaluate the dynamic response of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems with elasto-plastic and flag-shape hysteretic behaviour for three different dissipation capacities. Three sets of natural accelerograms were used, each one composed by at least 7 records which are on average spectrum-consistent in pseudo-acceleration, spectral displacement or both of them. All sets were also employed to draw the inelastic spectra for different ductility values. Such rigorous spectra were then compared with the approximated curves calculated using the N2 method and the Equivalent Linearization Procedure (ELP) based on the use of overdamped elastic spectra.The analyses demonstrate a general accuracy of the N2 method, which is mostly based on the ductility of the system, even for the hysteretic behaviour characterised by reduced energy dissipation. Larger discrepancies were found for systems with lower damping ratios and reduced fundamental periods. The ELP, which mainly depends upon the dissipated energy, led instead to overall slightly larger discrepancies than the N2 method, particularly for not dissipative and ductile systems, whereas the approximation is generally acceptable for elasto-plastic systems.