乡村空间治理视域下宅基地再利用类型选择——基于天津市静海区56个宅改试点村的研究

宅基地再利用类型的选择受村庄特征和宅基地利用特征等多因素的综合影响。论文以天津市静海区为例,构建基于“村—地”耦合视角的宅基地再利用类型选择理论分析框架,运用村庄特征、宅基地利用特征等测度模型,选取静海区56个宅基地制度改革试点村,从村庄特征和宅基地利用特征2个方面分类判定村庄宅基地再利用类型,为乡村空间治理提供思路。研究发现：① 村庄特征识别为产业主导型、资源主导型和均衡发展型3类;② 宅基地利用特征以村庄为单位识别为单功能主导型和多功能主导型宅基地2类;③ 基于“村—地”特征构建关系函数将宅基地再利用类型识别为多元主体类、要素流动类和特色资源类3类。研究认为,利用多源数据基于“村—地”特征对宅基地再利用类型进行识别和选择是有效途径,可为宅基地再利用提供指导。     

Experts' Perspectives on the Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Science in Wet Tropics Natural Resource Management

Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wet Tropics of Queensland advocate for greater inclusion of their Indigenous knowledge (IK) in natural resource management (NRM) to fulfil their customary obligations to country and to exert their Native Title rights. Despite a legal and institutional framework for inclusion of IK in NRM, IK has so far been applied only sporadically. We conducted an ethnographic case study to investigate perceptions on IK, science and how they affect integration of the two knowledge systems in the Wet Tropics. Our results show that IK and science are perceived as different concepts; that integration is limited by weak Indigenous internal and external governance; and that stronger Aboriginal governance and more focused engagement strategies are required to further the application of IK in local NRM. We conclude by arguing that NRM in the Wet Tropics needs to be reconceptualised to accommodate IK holistically, by considering its epistemology and the values and ethic that underpin it.     

African Inland Fisheries: Experiences with Co-Management and Policies of Decentralization

Most countries in Africa have promoted some form of decentralized fisheries management either as discrete co-management projects or as a component of broader decentralization processes that cut across other sectors. These initiatives were shaped by an international policy narrative that emphasises participation in decision making and development. A review of fisheries decentralization experiences in Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and Malawi reveals marked differences in purpose, strategy, and performance. In general, co-management projects are limited by their ability to scale up new practice and to maintain viable and representative management institutions. In other cases, the decentralization process is not well supported politically or locally or does not articulate with fisheries policy. Experiences of decentralization in other sectors provide useful lessons. Acknowledging the informal institutional environment or realpolitikof fisheries and the rural economy could provide opportunities to better manage and review the process of decentralization.     

Whose Norms Prevail? Policy Networks,International Organizations and “Sustainable Forest Management”

This article investigates the origin of international norms, arguing that one pathway is via the strategic action of sector-specific policy networks. Evidence is adduced from an examination of the contested norm of sustainable forest management (SFM). It is argued that a Canadian forestry policy network, under pressure internally and externally to demonstrate its environmental and social credentials, promoted an “economistic” SFM norm in regional negotiations known as the Montreal Process. The article outlines the policy network approach, applies it to the Canadian forest sector, and analyzes how a policy network centered in the Canadian Forest Service and the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers worked to have the network's preferred conception of SFM internationally endorsed. The article highlights the importance of investigating which social actors champion which international norms and encourages reflexive policymaking by calling into question the degree to which international norms actually reflect a genuine global consensus.     

广东省区域经济差异的多尺度与多机制研究

以广东省88个县域为基本单元,基于"多尺度和多机制"框架,综合运用了总体差异指数、空间自相关、空间多水平回归等方法,分析了广东省1990~2010年区域经济差异的时空动态演变。1总体差异指数测度表明,20世纪90年代初期以来,广东省区域经济差异在地区尺度、地级尺度、县级尺度和城乡尺度均表现出不断增大的趋势,地理尺度和空间组织对区域经济差异有很大影响。2基于GIS应用,空间自相关检测发现广东省在经济发展过程中存在空间集聚"俱乐部趋同"现象,潜在地加深了区域经济差异。3空间多水平回归分析表明,全球化、简政放权、固定资产投资是促使区域经济差异加剧的主要原因,而市场化在一定程度上缓和了区域经济差异,城乡分异和地形因素也是区域经济差异的影响因素,但显著性较低。     

Climate governance,justice, and transnational civil society

Justice dilemmas associated with climate change and the regulatory responses to it pose challenges for global governance, arguably hampering progress and raising concerns over efficacy and relevance. Scholarly literature suggests that transnational civil society groups can help address problems of governance and injustice that cross borders and pit states against each other. Findings of a comparative, qualitative study of climate justice advocacy suggest, however, that civil society groups' work in the US and EU is significantly shaped by institutional factors specific to those regimes, limiting advocates' broader impact. Moreover, political opportunities for the pursuit of climate action, and justice particularly, have diminished in those settings. By contrast, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides greater opportunities for discussions of justice, although civil society actors are significantly constrained within it. It is argued that greater roles for civil society in the UNFCCC could prove constructive in the face of current challenges connected with justice issues. Three themes in civil society advocacy linking principles of global justice with current climate policy debates are summarized. Finally, it is suggested that the first iteration of the UNFCCC Periodic Review provides timely opportunities to more fully draw upon civil society's potential contributions toward a fair and effective global climate regime.

Policy relevance

The roles of civil society organizations in climate governance were examined in three policy contexts: the UNFCCC, the US, and the EU, with special attention to advocacy addressing issues of equity and justice, identified as key challenges for a post-2012 global agreement. Findings suggest that (1) civil society roles are significantly constrained in each context, and (2) political opportunities for climate advocacy have diminished since 2009 in the US and EU, underlining (3) the continued salience of the UNFCCC as a forum for engagement and the construction of effective and equitable climate policy. Potential exists for increased civil society involvement at the UNFCCC to help resolve obstacles based in divergent national priorities. Three areas of justice-focused civil society activity are reviewed for current negotiation topics and the governance structure of the institution. The current UNFCCC Periodic Review is identified as an opportunity to increase civil society involvement.     

Mediating science and action across multiple boundaries in the Coral Triangle

This study seeks to refine literature on boundary work by exploring how stakeholders in the Coral Triangle Initiative, an international agreement between six countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, are forging relations across various domains and governance levels, and the outcomes of this process. We do this in an effort to increase its relevance to multi-level environmental governance, and understand the challenges that face such governance. We are also interested in the pathways leading to policy outcomes that are perceived as salient, credible, and legitimate to all stakeholders involved in governance. The study shows that boundary work is challenged by resource inequalities resulting in limited knowledge diversity, blurred boundaries between science and politics, and misaligned scales. We conclude that boundary work has an important temporal dimension that has often been neglected, and that literature on boundary work must provide a conceptual guide to understand tradeoffs arising as a result of stakeholders’ various strategies to engage in boundary work.     

山区煤矿矿山地质环境多层次灰色综合评价

以山区煤矿矿山地质环境为研究对象,从地质环境条件、矿山开发程度、资源损毁、地质环境问题和环境污染问题等5个方面构建一个3层次的矿山地质环境综合指标评价体系,运用灰色系统理论,建立了山区矿山地质环境多层次灰色综合评价模型,并结合实例进行计算,得出矿山地质环境综合评价值。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,表明该模型能有效地利用评价指标的信息,所给出的综合评价值能够对受评矿山地质环境进行定性或定量的评判,为政府和企业进行矿山地质环境恢复治理及矿产资源合理利用提供科学依据。     

山东蒋庄煤矿矿山地质环境治理工作模式及成效

山东省枣庄矿业集团蒋庄煤矿不断加大矿山地质环境治理工作力度,本着因地制宜、讲求实效的原则,采取回填塌陷区、井下巷道矸石充填、挖深垫浅、借势利用四种模式,破解矿山地质治理难题,消除地质灾害隐患,实现了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益的良性循环。     

Regulating wave and tidal energy: An industry perspective on the Scottish marine governance framework

The emerging ocean energy industry, which seeks to utilise waves and tides to generate electricity, is developing in many jurisdictions. The UK, and Scotland in particular, is strongly interested in these technologies, and has made considerable efforts to reform its marine governance processes to better meet the needs of innovative new marine industries. This paper provides an industry perspective on this regulatory framework, reporting on the experiences of ocean energy project and technology developers. Semi-structured interviews with companies with practical experience with Scotland's regulatory framework provide evidence of a number of legal and regulatory challenges, as well as interesting insights into how developers are interacting with new marine governance systems. The paper details the findings of these interviews and offers some suggested directions for future research.