涉县地震活动特征及其构造背景

本文采用地质地貌调查、地震活动性分析和地质测年等方法,研究了涉县地区地震和构造的活动特征,并归纳总结涉县6. 0级地震发生的构造条件,即:(1)震中位于大型地震带与地震亚带交汇区,现今地震活动性仍然较高;(2)震区附近发育1条规模较大、活动性较高的控制山盆界限断裂-涉县断裂;(3)震中位于孤立的涉县断陷盆地区边缘,山盆新构造运动差异。     

山区的山地经济协同开发研究——以重庆市三峡库区为例

山区是生态环境和经济社会发展问题集中的区域。以国家有关资源型城市发展、重庆市近年来区域经济城乡统筹发展、三峡库区治理贯彻实施的大政方针为宏观背景,以三峡库区山地资源系统开发为个案,并将该区域资源状况进行统计学意义上的分析综合,从具体到抽象,再从抽象到具体,为我国山地资源系统开发与山地区域经济发展的科学整合做了探索性研究。最后,有针对性地提出了相应对策措施。     

Historical land use as a driver of alternative states for stream form and function in forested mountain watersheds of the Southern Rocky Mountains

We demonstrate how land use can drive mountain streams in the Southern Rockies across a threshold to induce an alternative state of significantly reduced physical complexity of form and reduced ecological function. We evaluate field data from 28 stream reaches in relatively laterally unconfined valleys and unmanaged forest that is either old‐growth forest or naturally disturbed younger forest, and 19 stream reaches in managed forest with past land use. We evaluate potential differences in stream form, as reflected in channel planform, cross‐sectional geometry, and in‐stream wood loads, and stream function, as reflected in pool volume and storage of organic carbon. Field data indicate a threshold of differences in stream form and function between unmanaged and managed stream reaches, regardless of forest stand age, supporting our hypothesis that the legacy effects of past land use result in an alternative state of streams. Because physical complexity that increases stream retentiveness and habitat can maintain aquatic‐riparian ecosystem functions, the alternative physical state of streams in managed watersheds creates a physical template for an alternative ecological state with reduced pool volume, organic carbon storage, and ecosystem productivity. We recommend maintaining riparian forests that can supply large wood to streams as a stream restoration technique in historically forested stream segments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于磁力资料的南海及邻区磁性基底和居里面深度特征研究

磁性基底和居里面是研究地壳和岩石圈的地质构造和热演化过程的两个重要磁性界面.为了研究南海及邻区磁性基底和居里面所反映的深部构造及其热活动的地质效应,本文在对磁异常进行化极处理的基础上,采用最小曲率位场分离方法,获得了磁性基底和居里面引起的化极磁异常,利用双界面模型快速反演方法,反演了南海及邻区的磁性基底和居里面深度,研究了磁性基底、居里面深度及其分布特征,讨论了磁性基底、居里面与新生界深度之间相关性特征及其地质意义.研究表明,磁性基底深度5~20 km,洋盆南北两侧磁性基底走向分别以NE、NEE向为主,中南半岛周缘磁性基底呈NW、NNW走向.居里面深度15~32 km,宏观表现为"洋壳浅、周缘深"及周缘"北浅南深"的特征,洋盆地区居里面深度呈现"西南浅、东部深",洋壳与陆壳接触带在居里面深度上表现为梯级带特征.新生界深度与磁性基底深度相关性（Correlation between the depth of magnetic basement and Cenozoic,CDMBC）多以不规则形状分布,在盆地的沉积中心呈现正相关;新生界深度与居里面深度相关性（Correlation between the depth of Curie surface and Cenozoic,CDCSC）多呈NE、NEE向带状正相关分布,走向与盆地走向一致;莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地、万安盆地南部和曾母盆地CDMBC呈正相关、CDCSC呈负相关,莺歌海相关性特征推测为：居里面随岩石圈变形隆起而抬升,磁性基底张裂下沉,发生大规模沉降引起;琼东南盆地相关性特征推测为：居里面随岩石圈变形下坳而下降,沉积中心与磁性基底下沉方向一致;万安盆地和曾母盆地相关性特征推测为：深部流体沿南海西缘断裂直接进入地壳,引起该处居里面深度变浅.     

河南及邻区瑞利波群速度噪声层析成像

本文选取河南及邻区39个宽频带和甚宽频带地震台站记录的2014年1月～2015年12月垂直分量的连续波形资料,通过波形互相关和叠加运算得到台站间的经验格林函数,并用时频分析方法提取了498条瑞利波群速度频散曲线,进而采用噪声层析成像方法反演获得了河南及邻区8～25s的瑞利波群速度分布图像。结果表明,8s周期的群速度分布与地表构造特征密切相关,平原地区表现为低速异常,而基岩出露的山区呈现为高速异常;14s、20s周期的群速度在山区表现的高速异常与8s相似,说明中上地壳与地壳浅部结构有一定的相关性和继承性;8～20s周期的群速度在华北平原地区存在低速异常范围随周期增加而减小的现象。华北平原地区在下地壳表现出的低速异常,可能与大陆地壳减薄有关。大致以太行-武陵重力梯度带为界,下地壳表现出的西部低速、东部至研究区中部高速异常差异,体现了地壳东薄西厚的结构特征。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of sediment storage over 45 years in Carnation Creek,BC, a previously glaciated mountain catchment

The movement of sediment through mountain river networks remains difficult to predict, as processes beyond streamflow and particle size are responsible for the entrainment and transport of bedload sediment. In deglaciated catchments, additional complexity arises from glacial impacts on landscape organization. Research to date indicates that the quantity of sediment stored in the channel is an important component of sediment transport in systems which alternate between supply and transport limited states, but limited long-term field data exist which can capture storage-transfer dynamics over a timescale encompassing episodic supply typical of mountain streams. We use a 45-year dataset with annual and decadal-scale data on sediment storage, channel morphology, and wood loading to investigate the spatial and temporal organization of storage in Carnation Creek, a previously glaciated 11 km² catchment on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Sediment is supplied episodically to the channel, including additions from debris flows in the early 1980s just upstream of the studied channel region. Analyzing the spatial and temporal organization of sediment storage along 3.0 km of channel mainstem reveals a characteristic storage wavelength similar to the annual bedload particle travel distance. Over time, two scales of variation in storage are observed: small-scale fluctuation of 3–10 years corresponding to local erosional and depositional processes, and larger scale response over 25–35 years related to supply of sediment from hillslopes. Complex relationships between storage and sediment transfer (i.e., annual change in storage) are identified, with decadal-scale hysteresis present in storage-transfer relations in sites influenced by hillslope sediment and logjams. We propose a conceptual model linking landscape organization to temporal variability in storage and to storage–export cycles. Collectively, our results reaffirm the importance of storage to sediment transport and channel morphology, and highlight the complexity of storage–transport interactions. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of snow-depth change on spring runoff in cryosphere areas of China

Based on snow-depth and measured runoff data in the 19 river basins of the cryosphere areas of China, changes in cold season snow depth (CSSD) and spring runoff, and the relationship between CSSD and spring runoff were analysed. Decreasing trends in CSSD were detected mainly in the plains (plateaus), while increasing trends were found mainly in the mountainous regions. Different combinations of precipitation and temperature may be responsible for these results. The response of spring runoff to CSSD change varied greatly under climate warming. The runoff in April and May was commonly affected by CSSD, while the runoff in March was less affected by CSSD, but more by the increasing temperature causing more snowmelt in March. Due to relatively greater snow accumulation in spring, the runoff during spring was less affected by CSSD in the southern Tienshan Mountains.     

宁夏南部干旱-半干旱黄土梁峁区生态环境调查与生态建设模式——以西吉县城郊乡和马建乡生态环境调查为例

宁夏南部黄土高原区严重的水土流失、土地退化对当地的生产、生态、社会发展、人民生活带来极大的困难和危害,因此如何开展生态建设、促进社会经济发展,成为当地政府最为紧迫的任务之一。西吉县城郊乡和马建乡是干旱-半干旱黄土梁峁区典型代表地区,部分地区已经失去了依靠自身力量进行生态恢复和发展的可能性,因而需要在调查研究的基础上,制定合理的规划和生态建设模式,针对性的增加外部投入,进行生态重建。本文在对西吉县城郊乡和马建乡开展生态地质调查的基础上,分析研究了宁夏南部干旱-半干旱黄土梁峁区的主要生态环境问题,依据该区地质、地貌、气候、植被条件,初步总结了该地区适宜的生态建设模式,即高效生态农业建设模式,经济林园艺化管理的农果复合型生态农业建设模式,草灌（木）和畜牧业林木型生态农业模式,林草、林灌（木）和草灌（木）相互结合生态模式。     

基于生态足迹分析的山区农产品结构优化探讨--以大别山区岳西县为例

生态足迹分析是一种定量评估区域可持续发展状态的有效方法。文章以生态足迹理论为基础,建立以经济生态综合效益最大化为原则的农产品生产种植结构优化模型,提出通过计算比较主要农产品的产值足迹的方法来优化山区农业结构;以大别山区岳西县2002年统计数据为依据,对岳西县的主要农产品进行计算分析。结果表明,茶叶、水果、禽肉与蔬菜的产值足迹是最低的,其经济生态效益最高,而水产品、油料、羊肉与玉米的产值足迹是最高的,其经济生态效益最低。文章对山区农产品结构优化的探讨可以为山区农业实现可持续发展提供切实可行的指导,同时也为山区树立科学发展观提供借鉴。