Application of the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system for combination forecasting of river flow in semiarid mountain regions

Because of high spatial heterogeneity and the degree of uncertainty about hydrological processes in large‐scale catchments of semiarid mountain areas, satisfactory forecasting of daily discharge is seldom available using a single model in many practical cases. In this paper the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system (TS) and the simple average method (SAM) are applied to combine forecasts of three individual models, namely, the simple linear model (SLM), the seasonally based linear perturbation model (LPM) and the nearest neighbour linear perturbation model (NNLPM) for modelling daily discharge, and the performance of modelling results is compared in five catchments of semiarid areas. It is found that the TS combination model gives good predictions. The results confirm that better prediction accuracy can be obtained by combining the forecasts of different models with the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system in semi‐arid mountain areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莱洲湾沿岸浅层地下卤水蒸发成因新依据

山东莱洲湾沿岸是我国重要的天然卤水矿产地,分布广、浓度高、储量大,关于其成因通过近几十年来的研究可归纳为蒸发浓缩生卤和冰冻生卤2种,但其依据尚不够丰富。该文从海水冰冻实验与蒸发实验所经历的路径中,Na/Cl与Ca/Mg随浓缩倍数的变化趋势来分析卤水的成因,认为其应属蒸发浓缩生卤。     

白城市水稻种植区土壤的地球化学特征与水稻产量的相关性研究

吉林省白城市水稻种植区土壤的地球化学特征研究表明，土壤中的SiO2,TiO2,Al2O3,FeO,MnO和P2O5等主要元素的含量与水稻产量具有正相关性，而CaO和MgO等主要元素的含量与水稻产量呈负相关性。土壤中的稀土元素含量和水稻产量呈正相关性。     

苏南地区热地质特征

阐述了苏南地区地热资源形成的地层、构造、水文地质条件，研究了其地球物理、地热显示、恒温带、地温梯度、大地热流值、岩石热导率 、热水化学及热水分区等特征。     

松辽盆地周围沸石矿成矿构造动力学环境

松辽盆地周围沸石资源丰富 ,矿床类型多样 ,是中国东部环太平洋沸石成矿带的重要组成部分。研究区NE—NNE向深大断裂带控制着中生代火山岩和沸石矿带的空间展布 ,而不同方向深大断裂带的交接复合地段则决定了沸石矿田和主要矿床的空间定位。燕山中晚期以挤压-剪切 (左行 )为主的构造动力学机制控制了富碱高钾火山岩的发育 ,为沸石矿源岩的形成期 ;喜山期的构造反转以拉张 -剪切 (右行 )为主的构造动力学机制及其相伴的岩浆热事件 ,导致区域地热异常、地下流体增温和沸石矿化作用的快速进行。研究区中生代火山岩系中沸石矿床的主成矿期为喜山期 (6 4 5～ 5 5 0Ma)。     

Step–pool evolution in the Rio Cordon,northeastern Italy

The principle that formative events, punctuated by periods of evolution, recovery or temporary periods of steady‐state conditions, control the development of the step–pool morphology, has been applied to the evolution of the Rio Cordon stream bed. The Rio Cordon is a small catchment (5 km²) within the Dolomites wherein hydraulic parameters of floods and the coarse bedload are recorded. Detailed field surveys of the step–pool structures carried out before and after the September 1994 and October 1998 floods have served to illustrate the control on step–pool changes by these floods. Floods were grouped into two categories. The first includes ‘ordinary’ events which are characterized by peak discharges with a return time of one to five years (1·8–5·15 m³ s^?1) and by an hourly bedload rate not exceeding 20 m³ h^?1. The second refers to ‘exceptional’ events with a return time of 30–50 years. A flood of this latter type occurred on 14 September 1994, with a peak discharge of 10·4 m³ s^?1 and average hourly bedload rate of 324 m³ h^?1. Step–pool features were characterized primarily by a steepness parameter c = (H/L_s)/S. The evolution of the steepness parameter was measured in the field from 1992 to 1998. The results indicate that maximum resistance conditions are gradually reached at the end of a series of ordinary flood events. During this period, bed armouring dominate the sediment transport response. However, following an extraordinary flood and unlimited sediment supply conditions, the steepness factor can suddenly decrease as a result of sediment trapped in the pools and a lengthening of step spacing. The analogy of step spacing with antidune wavelength and the main destruction and transformation mechanism of the steps are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东省沿海风随高度变化研究

根据实测资料对我省沿海地区的风随高度变化规律进行了探讨，分析了沿海地区风向、风速变化特点，风速廓线指数律适合于我省沿海地区，根据指数律拟合的我省沿海地区风随高度变化系数小于目前各类规范所规定的系数。     

长果桑果熟期摄食鸟类多样性

鸟类对山地环境的变化敏感，对森林结构和食物资源的反应明显，我们在西双版纳人为影响的热带山林，进一步研究了长果桑果期摄食鸟类种群结构，对人类影响下森林生态系统动植关系及其动态变化有更清楚的了解；一些地区特有的鸟类种和亚种、大中型非雀形目鸟类、以及人们需要重点保护的鸟类，已经随着植被结构的变化和食源的减少而失去了。若不尽早消除干扰、改善植被结构，情况还会越来越严重。只有保护森林自然结构和自然更新，停止对森林结构的破坏性干扰，才可能有效保护鸟类多样性。     

太行山冷凉区域气候资源的农业利用技术——以河北省顺平县复兴村为例

由于地形的原因，太行山高海拔区气候比同纬度的平原区冷凉，在太行山冷凉区域内建立了若于气象观测站，于每日的8：00、14：00、20：00观测气温、地面温度、地温(5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm)。基于对所采集的气象数据的分析。对实验区内一些传统的农作物种植制度、种植结构、作物品种进行了调整和改革。通过3a的实验和推广，当地农民得到了实惠增加了收益。研究表明。在太行山冷凉区域进行农作物种植制度的调整应主要从以下三方面着手：一是采用新品种；二是改变传统的早播习惯，使作物生理特点与气候变化规律相适应，主要是错过低温和干旱危害；三是开展问作。     

Cyclops glacialis n. sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from a high mountain lake in Northwestern Mongolia

A new species of Cyclops s. str. (strenuus subgroup) from a high mountain lake in Northwestern Mongolia is described. As no cytological investigations were possible, the species diagnosis and taxonomic relationships were made on the basis of morphological and morphometrical data. It is most similar to Cyclops abyssorum, but there are clear distinguishing features.