The reflection seismic survey of project TIPTEQ—the inventory of the Chilean subduction zone at 38.2° S

We describe results of an active-source seismology experiment across the Chilean subduction zone at 38.2°S. The seismic sections clearly show the subducted Nazca plate with varying reflectivity. Below the coast the plate interface occurs at 25 km depth as the sharp lower boundary of a 2–5 km thick, highly reflective region, which we interpret as the subduction channel, that is, a zone of subducted material with a velocity gradient with respect to the upper and lower plate. Further downdip along the seismogenic coupling zone the reflectivity decreases in the area of the presumed 1960 Valdivia hypocentre. The plate interface itself can be traced further down to depths of 50–60 km below the Central Valley. We observe strong reflectivity at the plate interface as well as in the continental mantle wedge. The sections also show a segmented forearc crust in the overriding South American plate. Major features in the accretionary wedge, such as the Lanalhue fault zone, can be identified. At the eastern end of the profile a bright west-dipping reflector lies perpendicular to the plate interface and may be linked to the volcanic arc.     

Characteristics of high arsenic groundwater in Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, northern China

It is well known that the Hetao Basin is one of the most seriously arsenic-affected groundwater areas in China. In order to understand the characteristics of high arsenic(As) groundwater in the Basin, a brief overview of arsenic in groundwater follows. High arsenic in the Basin commonly occurs in shallow groundwater and the total arsenic concentrations range from 0.58 to 572 μg/L(average 99.73 μg/L), exceeding the maximum mandated value of 10 μg/L for drinking water in China; As(Ш) is the predominant species. The regional distribution pattern of arsenic in the groundwater increases from south/southeast to north/northwest. Hangjinhouqi and Wuyuan counties are considered as the most seriously affected areas, with high incidences of endemic arsenicosic diseases in the Hetao Basin. High groundwater arsenic correlates with the increase of well depth. Previous studies proposed that groundwater arsenic in the Basin is mainly originated from desorption of some natural solid materials in the sediments, under reducing condition. Generally, reducing condition is believed to be the primary factor for arsenic releasing from the sediment to groundwater in the region. Under inorganic or bacterial processes, Fe2O3 changes to Fe S and arsenic adsorbed to Fe(OH)3 dissolves into groundwater, and As(V) is reduced to As(Ш). Besides, reducing environments, groundwater hydraulic gradients, organic matter, p H, evapotranspiration, and soil texture are presumed to be the predominant factors that control arsenic mobilization.     

西安南郊丰水年秋季土壤水分研究

 通过对西安南郊丰水年秋季土壤含水量的测定，研究了地下0~6 m之间土壤含水量的变化与土壤干层的恢复问题。研究结果表明，丰水年西安南郊人工林下2~3 m的土壤含水量在20％左右，远远高于正常年份的土壤含水量，而且大于表层和深层的土壤含水量。分析得出，土壤干层发育较弱的地区在降水丰富的年份可以得到一定程度的恢复；西安地区基本适合进行人工造林；通过人工措施，增强降水入渗和土壤含水量，对树木成活和长期的生长应当具有明显的作用。     

Thermal simulation of basic volcanic fluid influence on different source rocks

Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the various types of source rocks are similar in composition, containing gaseous C1-C5 hydrocarbons, H2 and CO2 whose gas yields increase with increasing temperature. The gas yield of source rocks of type I is the high- est, followed by type II, and that of source rocks of type III is the lowest, indicating that the yield of hydrocarbon gases is related to their hydrocarbon generating potential. Although the generating potential of type III is the lowest, it can still be regarded as a useful gas source when it is buried deeply enough. The basic volcanic fluid restrains the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons in different types of source rocks, but promotes the generation of inorganic gases.     

冲积型金刚石砂矿与其成矿模式的讨论

中国金刚石砂矿主要分布在华北与扬子地台郯庐断裂区与沅水流域区 ,在大别山区及新疆、西藏超基性岩附近也有分布。不同时代的含金刚石金伯利岩或超基性岩带 ,经风化、剥蚀、搬运 ,形成含金刚石砂矿中间储存体 ,在水系中下游形成不同类型 (阶地、河谷、河床 )砂矿。金刚石砂矿找矿方向应是模式找矿主要有三方面 :一是矿源 ,二是中间储存体 ,三金刚石砂矿组合矿物。     

A mass balance approach to estimate the dilution and removal of the pollutants in stream water polluted by acid mine drainage

 A few simple mass balance equations were developed to simultaneously estimate how much the pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) in stream water are diluted and removed during their migration. The application of the equations requires knowledge of the variations in the concentrations of the dissolved pollutants and the stoichiometry of the precipitation reaction of the pollutants when none of the pollutant shows a conservative behavior along the stream path. The calculation should be restricted to the pollutants showing much higher concentrations in the polluted main stream water than in the combining or diluting water of the same target area. The mass balance equations were applied to estimate the dilution factor and precipitation fractions of pollutants in Imgok Creek such as Fe, SO₄ and Al from the AMD of Yeongdong mine. The results show that the estimation, especially for SO₄ and Al, significantly depends on the kinds of the precipitates. When FeOHSO₄ and AlOHSO₄ are assumed to precipitate, the maximum removal fractions of SO₄ and Al by precipitation are respectively 34% and 46% of the original input, which is much higher than the values estimated when SO₄ is considered to be perfectly conservative. It indicates that the stoichiometry of precipitation reaction is very important in the interpretation of the pollutant dilution and migration and assessment of environmental impacts of AMD. The applicability of the mass balance equations may still need to be verified. However, examining the calculated dilution factor and precipitation fractions with the equations can provide invaluable information on not only the behavior but also unexpected input of the pollutants in the stream water polluted by AMD and other point sources. Received: 12 November 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木鸟苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.80～0.87,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-48.19‰～-50,87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.91～0.92,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-21.56‰-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征.该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟-高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根.表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系-白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景.     

2016年台湾美浓MW6.4地震震源参数的InSAR和GPS反演

2016年2月6日台湾西南部高雄市美浓区发生了M_W6.4地震.本文结合ALOS2卫星升降轨、Sentinel-1A升轨SAR数据,采用两轨差分干涉技术获取了该区域的同震形变场,形变结果表明震中西北部以抬升为主,最大视线向形变量约为11.2 cm.基于均匀位错模型和多峰值粒子群（MPSO）算法,利用InSAR和GPS形变数据联合反演了美浓地震的断层几何参数,结果表明震源中心位于22.920°N,120.420°E,深度约12 km,发震断层长度约15 km,走向角307°,倾角16.5°,平均滑动角为51.5°,此次地震是以逆冲倾滑兼左旋走滑的破裂模式.利用格网迭代搜索法得到最优倾角为15.7°,GPS和InSAR最优权比为18：1,最优平滑因子为0.06.基于非均匀位错模型,利用非负最小二乘方法进行线性反演,结果显示最大倾滑和走滑量分别为51.7 cm和55.3 cm,对应矩震级为M_W6.38,略小于GCMT（M_W6.4）的结果.通过与已有文献的比较和对该区域断层构造的分析,发现美浓地震的发震断层为单一断层的解释更为合理,我们推测发震断层是位于左镇、后甲里等断层之间的一条东南-西北走向往东北倾斜的盲断层,并初步推测2010年M_W6.3甲仙地震也同该断层有关.

     

嘉祥县红运水源地岩溶发育特征及富水规律研究

红运水源地地处嘉祥断块北部,主要含水层为奥陶纪三山子组中细晶白云岩,且岩溶发育,在岩性上中细晶白云岩＞细晶白云岩＞泥灰岩＞灰岩和豹皮灰岩＞微晶白云岩.区域断裂构造发育,多以张性断裂为主,一般为带状岩溶发育,深度143～330 m,与断裂构造的走向基本一致,为地下水的富存和运移提供了良好的场所和通道.奥陶系顶板不同埋藏深...     

干旱区土壤植被系统恢复的生态水文学研究进展

干旱区约占地球陆表面积的40%以上,所支撑的复杂多样的生态系统是全球陆地生态系统的重要组成,水是干旱区诸多生态系统过程的驱动力和关键的非生物限制因子。生态水文学作为新兴的交叉学科,为客观、全面地诠释干旱区植被与土壤系统相互作用与反馈机理提供了新的理念和途径,同时,也为干旱区以植被建设为主的生态恢复实践提供了理论基础。以沙坡头沙漠研究试验站在腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠过渡带的长期定位监测研究为例,分析、综述了我国在干旱区生态水文学研究领域所取得的主要成绩和相关进展,重点讨论了沙地植被从组成、结构和功能群演变等多层次上对土壤生态水文过程的响应,以及植被对土壤环境和水循环的长期反馈作用和调控机理;将生物土壤结皮首次作为影响植被-土壤系统水文过程的重要环节来考虑,对其发挥的生态水文功能的相关研究进行了总结;归纳了基于水量平衡的干旱区生态恢复理论模式及其在实践中的应用。