A Diagnostic Case Study on the Comparison Between the Frontal and Non-Frontal Convective Systems

Two major mesoscale convective clusters of different characters occurred during the heavy rainfall event in Guangxi Region and Guangdong Province on 20 June 2005,and they are preliminarily identified as a frontal mesoscale convective system(MCS1;a frontal cloud cluster) and a non-frontal MCS(MCS2;a warm sector cloud cluster).Comparative analyses on their convective intensity,maintenance mechanism, and moist potential vorticity(MPV) structure were further performed.The convective intensity analysis sugges...     

一次远距离台风暴雨过程分析

应用常规观测资料、卫星、雷达产品,综合分析2008年山东最强的一次降水过程,研究西风带降水系统影响山东时,远距离台风对降水的增幅作用,并对主要降水时段进行中尺度数值模拟.结果表明:在西风带系统影响山东时,远在我国东南沿海的台风右侧的东南气流产生的风向、风速辐合与西风带辐合区合并,东南风所及范围比湿增大,水汽通量辐合使大气中的垂直液态水含量明显增大.西风带系统在垂直方向上后倾,使得低层影响系统受高空槽前的正涡度平流影响,是降水发生的环流背景.中尺度模拟结果显示:前期鲁西暴雨垂直方向对流基本稳定,但有强的对称不稳定支持上升运动发展,后期半岛地区的连续暴雨则是低层增温、增湿且对流和对称不稳定并存,从而产生强降水.     

干冷空气侵入在2005年12月山东半岛持续性降雪中的作用

利用常规资料和NCEP再分析资料分析了2005年12月山东半岛持续强降雪事件发生的环流背景及干冷空气活动特征,并运用湿位涡和锋生理论,研究了干冷空气在降雪事件中的作用.分析表明:低层湿度场的演变可以很好地反映山东半岛地区降雪的变化,但降雪事件与高层干冷空气紧密相连.对流层高层高位涡区与相对湿度小值区相对应,干空气主要来源于北侧(高纬度)对流层高层.高位涡区与低湿区都向下向南伸展,与低层MPV1<0的湿对称不稳定区对应.强降雪是低层饱和湿空气受地形强迫、锋生强迫的抬升作用及湿对称不稳定能量释放的共同作用造成的,而干冷空气的侵入是锋生和不稳定能量释放的触发机制.     

0604和0605号台风的数值模拟与暴雨成因对比分析

利用MM5模式对0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”和0605号台风“格美”进行数值模拟和水汽、动力、热力学分析。分析结果表明,“碧利斯”与“格美”前期都没有与北方冷空气发生作用,后期前者受到西南季风槽的影响得到大量水汽能量补充,在台风路径左侧产生强降水,后者的水汽、动力和能量条件较差,在华南产生的降水相对弱一些,但在北方冷空气的影响下在黄河中下游部分地区造成洪涝灾害。     

AREM3.0模式对“5.31”天气过程的模拟分析

利用实时气象资料、卫星云图和NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料结合湿位涡的诊断分析,对2006年7月27日位于山东半岛沿海的威海市受远距离热带低压影响发生的特大暴雨过程进行了研究.结果表明:整个过程中主要有三个对流云团活动,高低空急流的耦合作用以及高层的强辐散为云团的产生提供了有利的环境流场;强对流天气发生在锋前暖区内,特大暴雨落区与能量锋区有很好对应;低空正涡度分布与暖平流的输送为山东半岛特大暴雨提供了动力和热力条件;对物理量场与湿位涡湿斜压项MPV2的时空演变分析表明,高、低空急流在不同时段所起的作用对雨强的变化起决定作用,MPV2＞0区域始终位于低空急流核的前方.     

一次大暴雨天气过程的能量分析

利用数值预报产品及能量方法分析了１９９５年８月２１－２３是鲁南和山东半财区大暴雨天气过程。结果表明：暴雨产生在低层高能舌准饱能舌，准饱和及对流不稳定的区域；５００ｈＰａ正涡度舌与８５０ｈＰａ暖切变及需所了旋中心相配合，产生较强的上升运动，触发对流不稳定能量释放，产生大暴雨。     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV)equation was deduced from a completeset of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heat-ing and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the de-velopment of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework ofmoist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,orconvergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analy-sis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According tothis theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,or convective stable orunstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind ormoist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surfaceis slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the develop-ment of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist airto the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region mostfavorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of theChangjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially theisobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,iseffective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low lati-tudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction oftorrential rain.     

大气运动的螺-极分解和Beltrami流

本文首先将不可压缩流体速度场的螺-极分解用来描写三维大气运动的垂直速度、涡度和螺度；其次，叙述了Beltrami流的概念，并论证了对于无摩擦的大气运动满足广义地转关系的定常解就是大气运动的Beltrami流；最后，应用小参数方法讨论了定常准地转模式中的螺度，研究指出：大气运动的螺度紧密地与稳定层结条件下的垂直运动和温度平流有关：上升运动和暖平流对应于正螺度，下沉运动和冷平流对应于负螺度。     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL*

The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts) are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolution limited area model) to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional "grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo type convective paramerization" are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivity runs with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme) and an increased horizontal resolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1) The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud water content as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysics involved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Although the deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of the cases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moist physics.(2) By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quite high compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without the simultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs are very limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centers and in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well.     

一次暴雨过程的螺旋度分布特征分析

使用1°×1°的NCEP资料,计算能够反映旋转上升强度的物理量——垂直螺旋度,对2005年6月25-26日河南出现的一次大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,发现垂直螺旋度的空间分布特征与各层的低值系统有较好的对应关系,其强度变化既反映了天气影响系统的演变,又对应了降水强度的变化。因此,垂直螺旋度的空间分布特征可用于确定影响系统的位置和降水落区,垂直螺旋度的强度与降水的强度成正比。