一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的模拟诊断分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对1998年7月28—29日发生于长江中下游的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了模拟和诊断分析。结果表明，低层温湿扰动对于强对流的发展及暴雨的出现具有重要作用。低空急流核和切变线配合的存在有利于大暴雨的产生。湿位涡场结构在暴雨增幅期与暴雨增幅前期和暴雨减弱期有明显不同。     

一次春季江淮气旋形成发展特征及暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,对2013年5月25-27日一次江淮气旋的形成发展及其引发的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:高空明显的正涡度平流、低层暖平流以及与辐合辐散区相对应的垂直运动是导致气旋发展的重要物理因子。气旋发展过程和湿位涡正压项及斜压项有很好的对应关系,气旋的增强阶段伴随对流层低层mpv_1的增大及mpv_2值的减小;高层湿位涡下传;使近地面大气斜压性增强,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流。气旋的形成发展过程与对流层正涡度柱的形成相对应,与湿位涡的空间结构及其演变有密切的联系。气旋引发的暴雨位于气旋移动路径的左前方(东北象限),该区域低层强辐合中心和正涡度中心的耦合,加剧水汽和能量的辐合,为暴雨维持提供了条件。     

A study of formation and development of one kind of cyclone on the mei-yu (Baiu) front

The paper presents one diagnosis of baroclinity and the coupling of jets during the developing process of a cyclone that occurred on the mei-yu (Baiu) front around the end of the second stage of the mei-yu (Baiu)in 1998. Results have shown that: (1) The advantageous changes of upper-level large-scale circulation caused the appearance and maintenance of the coupling between the upper-level jet (ULJ) and lower-level jet (LLJ) over the cyclone‘s area. The coupling of jets in this case possesses some different characteristics from previous cases. Moreover, the coupling between the ULJ and LLJ caused the intensification of both lower-level convergence and upper-level divergence, which was favorable for the development of this cyclone. (2) From the analysis of the voricity budget, the role of lower-level convergence in the development of the cyclone was emphasized. Divergent wind in the lower troposphere was a direct contributor to the development of the cyclone. (3) During the development of the cyclone, cold air and warm air were_active over the cyclone‘s domain. Although this cyclone occurred at the mei-yu (Baiu) front, its development assumed baroclinity to a certain extent, which was just the main difference between this kind of cyclone and the first kind of low which is usually barotropic (or quasi-barotropic). (4) In recent years, studies on mei-yu front lows have paid more attention to the lower troposphere. In this paper, the analysis of the energy budget further supports this point: the certain effect of baroclinity forcing in the upper troposphere on mei-yu front lows cannot be ignored.     

基于遥感反演参数与双约束空间聚类算法的湖泊营养物生态分区

中国湖泊营养物水平和富营养化效应存在显著区域分异特征,开展湖泊营养物生态分区研究,是实现湖泊分区控制的前提和基础。本文以云贵高原亚热带湿润区为案例区,通过遥感反演得到研究区域湖泊水体的叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总氮(TP)和总磷(TN)含量,从自然地理要素、生态系统和人类活动3 方面建立指标体系;根据研究区域 DEM数据划分小流域,将各指标因子投影到小流域;在小流域尺度上,采用数理统计方法定量分析各指标分别对 Chl-a/P 与Chl-a/N 的作用,计算两种湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值;采用双约束空间聚类算法对小流域尺度上两种湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值共同进行聚类,形成湖泊营养物生态分区结果。研究发现：①通过遥感反演模型可以将少数呈点状分布的监测数据推演到面上,这在一定程度上弥补了有限的野外监测数据量难以支撑湖泊营养物生态分区的不足;②通过构建各指标因子分别与湖泊水体中Chl-a/P、Chl-a/N 的定量关系,实现了湖泊营养物生态分区中湖泊水体微观指标与湖泊流域宏观指标的有机结合;③采用双约束空间聚类进行湖泊营养物生态分区,保证了分区结果在空间上的连续性和评价分值上的接近性;④根据自然地理条件、土地利用和人类活动强度的不同,将云贵高原亚热带湿润区分为4 个区：北云南高原湖区、滇南河谷山原湖区、桂西-滇东-黔南岩溶湖区、贵州高原东北部湖区。本文提出的基于双约束空间聚类的湖泊营养物生态分区方法也可以作为其它地区乃至国家尺度湖泊营养物生态分区的借鉴。     

An East Asian Subtropical Summer Monsoon Index Defined by Moist Potential Vorticity

Based on consideration of both thermodynamic and kinetic features of the subtropical summer monsoon in East Asia,a new index is defined by the moist potential vorticity (MPV) for this monsoon.Variation features of the subtropical summer monsoon over 60 years are analyzed using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) data from 1948 to 2007.Results show that the new index can well reflect the seasonal,interannual,and interdecadal variations of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon.Correlation analysis of the new index and precipitation data from 160 stations in China shows that in high-index years,the summer monsoon is strong,and more rain falls in eastern North China,southwestern China,and along the coast of South China and less rain falls in the Yangtze-Huaihe R.basin.In low-index years,the opposite occurs.Lastly,the new index is compared with four established monsoon indices.The new index is found to have an advantage in representing summer rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe R.basin.     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

新建蒲虹公路过湿路基的换填施工技术研究

基于浦虹公路区域地质、构造、降雨和工程特征的分析,针对不同特点的过湿路段施用不同的换填方案.并相应地制定施工工艺、工艺流程和操作要点.实际工程表明.该换填施工技术符合相应的设计和规范要求,效果良好.     

甘肃第四纪古地理环境

第四纪在全球性冰期和间冰期气候影响下，甘肃气候呈干旱、寒冷与温暖、湿润交替变化。沉积物以灰色格调为主，水平和垂直分带规律明显，成因类型复杂。各地区在小气候影响下植被发育不平衡。总的看来，以干旱区系草本植物为主，喜温暖湿热的木本植物较少，一般呈荒漠草原型和疏林草原型，局部为森林草原型。动物群的分布和古人类的发展受古地理环境影响：早更新世早期以大型哺乳动物为主；早更新世晚期和中更新世以穴居的鼠兔类为主；晚更新世以干旱—半干旱草原型动物群为特征；全新世在适宜条件下人类文化得到发展，部分野生动物在人类豢养下成为家畜     

夏半年青藏高原“湿池”的水汽分布及水汽输送特征

采用1948-2007年共计60年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料.计算了夏半年(4-9月)青藏高原大气中的可降水量、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了夏半年青藏高原可降水量的分布和变化特征,青藏高原及其附近的水汽输送.结果表明:在对流层中层的青藏高原上空,夏季是一个明显的大气水汽含量高中心,"湿池"特征非常显著,湿池主要有三个大的可降水量中心,即高原的西南部、东南部和高原南侧.4-9月,高原上的可降水量变化很大,高原的增湿的速度小于减湿的速度.水汽进人高原主要通过三条水汽通道,即西风带水汽输送通道、印度洋-孟别拉湾水汽通道和南海-孟加托湾水汽通道.水汽主要在高原西南侧、喜马拉雅山中段和高原东南侧进入高原.     

湿空气动热力学理论及应用研究进展

回顾了湿空气热动力学的研究进展,对未饱和湿大气、饱和湿大气及非均匀饱和湿大气的动热力方程、能量方程、连续方程等进行了梳理,指出饱和湿空气动量方程与非均匀饱和湿空气动量方程的最大区别在于对凝结过程的处理不同。饱和湿大气中,由于大气均是饱和的,由饱和造成的水凝物可处处出现,不能区分真正发生水汽凝结的区域。而非均匀饱和湿空气中,凝结发生与相对湿度的幂次方有关(即与凝结概率函数的分布有关),在相对湿度较小的区域不会出现水汽凝结,凝结区与非凝结区可自动区别,其描述的凝结过程与实际大气更接近。同时,总结了湿大气水汽凝结饱和非均匀分布的动热力物理量在高影响天气分析中的应用,最后讨论了未来推进湿空气动力学研究需重点考虑的一个内容。