基于广义SMP破坏准则的柱形孔扩张问题理论分析

采用应力跌落的简化应力-应变模型考虑土的应变软化特性,同时采用简化的体积应变?v与大主应变?1及大主应变?1与小主应变?3之间的相互关系反映土的剪胀特性,根据空间准滑动面(SMP)理论和平面应变轴对称问题的柱形孔扩张基本方程,推导并给出一般黏性土中柱形孔扩张问题的应力场、应变场、位移场、塑性区半径和孔扩张压力。通过算例分析,探讨了土的剪胀因素、软化特性对孔扩张问题的影响程度。为了反映中主应力的影响,将本文解与基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的解答进行了比较。计算结果表明,土的剪胀性和软化特性及中主应力对孔扩张问题的影响是显著的,基于Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则的孔扩张解答往往偏于保守。     

Evaluating fine sediment mobilization and storage in a gravel‐bed river using controlled reservoir releases

Two controlled flow events were generated by releasing water from a reservoir into the Olewiger Bach, located near Trier, Germany. This controlled release of near bank‐full flows allowed an investigation of the fine sediment (<63 µm) mobilized from channel storage. Both a winter (November) and a summer (June) release event were generated, each having very different antecedent flow conditions. The characteristics of the release hydrographs and the associated sediment transport indicated a reverse hysteresis with more mass, but smaller grain sizes, moving on the falling limb. Fine sediment stored to a depth of 10 cm in the gravels decreased following the release events, indicating the dynamic nature and importance of channel‐stored sediments as source materials during high flow events. Sediment traps, filled with clean natural gravel, were buried in riffles before the release of the reservoir water and the total mass of fine sediment collected by the traps was measured following the events. Twice the mass of fine sediment was retained by the gravel traps compared with the natural gravels, which may be due to their altered porosity. Although the amount of fine sediment collected by the traps was not significantly related to measures of gravel structure, it was found to be significantly correlated to measures of local flow velocity and Froude number. A portion of the traps were fitted with lids to restrict surface exchange of water and sediment. These collected the highest amounts of event‐mobilized sediments, indicating that inter‐gravel lateral flows, not just surface infiltration of sediments, are important in replenishing and redistributing the channel‐stored fines. These findings regarding the magnitude and direction of fine sediment movement in gravel beds are significant in both a geomorphic and a biological context. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床（MSD）位于华北地台东北部的浑北花岗岩-绿岩地体内,矿区岩石在30～28 亿年期间受到了600～650℃的高级角闪岩相变质。研究结果表明,广泛分布于红透山层状矿体下盘数百米处的和直接产于矿体下盘的堇青-直闪片麻岩,分别代表了变质后的MSD成矿系统以绿泥石化为特征的半整合和筒状不整合海底热液蚀变带。微量元素特征显示,层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩并非同一种岩石,而是由5种不同岩性的岩石组成,筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩主要由流纹质岩石组成,而在堇青-直闪片麻岩走向上与之过渡的角闪片麻岩和黑云片麻岩则代表了不同岩性蚀变岩的未蚀变原岩。质量变化计算表明,相对于未蚀变原岩而言,两种蚀变岩的成分发生了显著变化,其中层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg发生了富集,Na、K、Ca、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素被迁出,而筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg、Si、Na、Pb、Cu和Zn等元素则发生了富集,K被迁出。重稀土元素（HREE）和高场强元素(Zr、Ti、Nb、Hf和Ta)在海底热液蚀变过程中保持惰性,而Rb、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素（LREE,尤其是Eu）则被强烈的迁出。这些元素变化特征表明海底热液蚀变以绿泥石化和硅化为特征,同时海底水-岩反应体系具有高水/岩比值。层状堇青-直闪片麻岩可作为红透山矿区成矿潜力评价的重要依据,而含硫化物石英脉的筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩不但本身可成为工业矿体,还可作为上覆层状矿体的近矿找矿标志。     

中国东部幔源流体的活动特征与成藏效应

中国东部进入地洼构造演化阶段后发生了一系列构造活化现象,形成了一系列伸展性断层和巨型深大断裂带,其中的一些超壳或岩石圈断裂成为壳幔物质与能量交换,特别是地幔流体上升的主要构造通道。在郯庐断裂带附近及两侧的松辽、辽河、黄骅、济阳、苏北和三水盆地(坳陷)中的许多气井中,He和CO2的含量很高,部分气井中He的浓度超过其工业品位(0.05%)CO2的含量在80%以上,甚至近于纯CO2气藏。这些气井中的He和CO2不仅显示幔源特征,而且CO2具有岩浆成因特征。此类幔源气体一般都和壳源气体组分复合,在储盖层及构造圈闭发育的地区聚集成藏。     

华北地台花岗岩和地层中金含量与金成矿的关系

华北地台的热液金矿床经常产于绿岩带中的花风岩内外接触带和变质岩中,因而许多人认为花岗岩和地层就是金矿床的矿源层和矿源岩。显然,他们瓣假设是建筑在这些岩石金的含量高于地壳、上地壳和区域背景含量上的,这样,这些花岗岩和地层可提供足够的金来形成金矿床,因而,这些地层和花岗夺被称为矿源层或矿源岩。随着金定量分析方法的改进和精度的提高 0.1×10^-9,大量测试资料表明,绿岩带中的变质岩和地层中金的丰度常较低,平均1.06×10^-9～2.3×10^-9,而与金矿有关的花岗岩金的含量更低,平均为0.6×10^-9～1．4×10^-9。并且随着花岗岩化和混合岩化程度增加而降低。因此,矿源层和矿源岩并不是前人所认为的那样,花岗岩形成过程和早期深部的成矿流体的碱交代作用过程是促使金活化转移的重要机制,也是形成金矿的主导因素。     

广西地洼型古岩溶与成矿

广西中生代岩溶作用有两期:地洼初动和激烈期。这两期岩溶作用形成的地下洞穴,分别为T_3-J_2、K-E的洞穴堆积物——岩溶沉积岩充填或成为目前已不被现代地下水循环所利用的化石岩溶-古岩溶沉积体。地洼初动期岩溶作用,与Cu、zn、Mo、Ag、Sb、Au、U等成矿关系密切,形成古岩溶矿床。成矿物质来源于先成的矿源层、体或矿化、经表生风化浸出,由地表水带入古地下洞穴中,在细菌作用下富集成矿。这种类型矿床,在广西找矿潜力很大。找矿模式可归纳为:先成的矿源→地洼→古叠置型岩溶洼地→地洼初动期岩溶沉积体→亲硫元素和放射性等异常→沿古岩溶方向沉积体中下部→矿体。     

河北下营房金矿床的复合成矿作用及矿床组合研究

研究矿床的复合成矿作用和矿床组合具有重要的经济和理论意义.作者认为,矿床是与由硅铝层(包括部分绿岩带)深熔而成的花岗岩有成因联系,为绿岩带中的金、银、铁等元素经岩浆的混合作用和后期火山-次火山热液的活化迁移而成的.金矿床的多种成因类型和不同地质特点,与成矿的多期性和阶段性有关.     

漠滨金矿成矿物理化学条件的水-岩反应实验研究

以漠滨金矿围岩地球化学特征和矿物流体包裹体组成为基础,模拟特定体系水-岩相互作用实验,研究结果表明,漠滨金矿的成矿元素Au主要源于赋矿围岩--板溪群五强溪组一套浅变质碎屑砂岩、砂质板岩和凝灰质板岩.Cl-在中低温热液体系中能与Au形成稳定络合物的形式进行运移,因此Cl-在该区Au成矿过程中起着相当重要的作用. 成矿热液流体中 Au 主要以金硫、金氯络合物形式在溶液中迁移,阴离子ΣS、Cl-对金的活化、迁移及沉淀起主导作用.溶液中硫氯离子浓度、溶液酸碱度及反应温度是金活化、迁移及沉淀的决定性因素.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli .     

Conflicted transitions: Exploring the actors,tactics, and outcomes of social opposition against energy infrastructure

Given the growing frequency, severity, and salience of social mobilization and community action on energy and climate issues, in this study we systematically explore the configurations of types of infrastructure, actors, tactics, and outcomes of recent opposition to energy transitions across seven carbon-intensive regions in Asia, Europe, and North America. Based on both a literature review and an original dataset of 130 case studies spanning the past decade, we track opposition to a wide range of energy infrastructure in these regions, including low-carbon options such as renewable energy and nuclear power; provide network analyses of the actors and coalitions involved in such events; and develop a typology and frequency analysis of tactics (such as litigation or protest), and outcomes (such as remuneration, policy change, concessions, or labor protections). We show that the politics of energy transitions in carbon-intensive regions varies significantly from country to country and across types of energy, and we discuss how the configurations of infrastructure, actors, tactics, and outcomes can be explained by differences in national institutions and their responses to global or supranational pressures. By bringing both a sociotechnical and comparative perspective to the global analysis of social movements and energy transitions, we suggest how goals of energy transition are refracted through national and subnational institutions and through local mobilizations both in support of and opposed to those transitions.