On the Mass Balance of Low Latitude Glaciers with Particular Consideration of the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca

Glacier mass balance studies in the low latitudes are rare and glaciological methods and terminology are basically adapted from mid- and high latitude conditions. The low latitudes are considered to be the tropics and, to some extent, the adjoining dry subtropics. The outer tropics are proposed as an intermediate zone with tropical character during the humid season and subtropical character during the dry season. Delimitations as well as respective climate and glacier regimes are discussed in order to distinguish them from each other and from the mid-latitudes. Different sensitivities of the glaciers can be expected and promise, in turn, a complex climatological interpretation of glacier fluctuations. For this, detailed mass balance studies on low latitude glaciers are required. The respective discussion is concentrated on the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca whose topographical setting provides both spatial and temporal subdivisions in humid and dry regimes in one region. However, theoretical considerations and field experience show problems for the determination of mass balance variables in the Cordillera Blanca and the low latitudes in general. The absence of annual temperature variations hinders the development of impermeable layers which can be identified as annual reference layers and which prevent meltwater from percolating into the firn body. Thus, a combination of ablation measurements and the application of the flux divergence method for the determination of accumulation is proposed.     

东海平湖油气田中高渗凝析气藏开发效果分析

东海平湖油气田放鹤亭始新统平湖组气藏,属中高渗砂岩中低凝析油含量凝析气藏,1999年3月投入生产,采用衰竭式开采,至今已有8个年头,目前仍处于开发稳产阶段,日生产天然气量在140×10^4m^3左右。通过对平湖油气田凝析气藏开发生产状况跟踪研究发现,其采气速度高、主力气藏气井无水采气期普遍较长、气油比随着压力下降而上升、凝析油含量随着压力下降而下降、天然气采收率将优于开发方案设计值,同时也发现,防止气井出水、出砂是中高渗凝析气藏开发中应予以高度重视的问题。平湖油气田凝析气藏开发,在技术上和经济上都取得了较好的效果,可以借鉴于类似凝析气田的开发实践中。     

关于东亚冬季风指数的一个讨论——东亚中、低纬冬季风的差异

利用NCEP再分析资料和NOAA海表温度等资料,分析了东亚冬季风在不同纬度上的表现。根据我们定义的东亚中纬度冬季风(The mid latitudinal East Asian winter monsoon, 简称EAWM-M)和低纬度冬季风(The low latitudinal East Asian winter monsoon, 简称EAWM-L)指数,探讨了它们对应的影响系统,并重点分析了它们与海温异常之间联系的异同。研究主要发现:(1)EAWM-L和EAWM-M指数所反映的东亚冬季大气环流形势不尽相同。在对流层低层,EAWM-L与中国南海、菲律宾附近环流异常的关系密切,EAWM-M与贝加尔湖阻塞高压的关系更为密切;在对流层中层,EAWM-M同样与贝加尔湖阻塞高压异常的联系相对更为紧密,而EAWM-L指数则与东亚大槽的关系更为紧密。在对流层高层,副热带西风急流强度变化通过调制次级环流进而与EAWM-L联系起来,而EAWM-M强弱变化主要与副热带西风急流北界的位置有关。(2)EAWM-L与冬季赤道中东太平洋和热带印度洋海温异常的联系都很紧密,而EAWM-M变化与冬季热带印度洋海温异常的联系更为密切,与赤道中东太平洋海温异常的关系相对偏弱。EAWM-L与冬季赤道中东太平洋和热带印度洋海温异常的紧密联系在年际和年代际尺度上都是存在的,而EAWM-M与冬季热带印度洋海温异常的紧密联系主要体现在年代际尺度上。     

Ozone and Spectroradiometric UV Changes in the Past 20 Years over High Latitudes

Abstract

This study analyzes changes in solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiances at 305 and 325?nm at selected sites located at high latitudes of both hemispheres. Site selection was restricted to the availability of the most complete UV spectroradiometric datasets of the past twenty years (1990–2011). The results show that over northern high latitudes, between 55° and 70°N, UV irradiances at 305?nm decreased significantly by 3.9% per decade, whereas UV irradiance at 325?nm remained stable with no significant long-term change. Over southern high latitudes (55°–70°S), UV irradiances did not show any significant long-term changes at either 305 or 325?nm. Changes in solar UV irradiances are discussed in the context of long-term ozone and other atmospheric parameters affecting UV variability at ground level.     

Chikyû Bankoku Sankai Yochi Zenzu Setsu: The First Japanese World Map with Latitudes and Longitudes and with an Extensive Japanese Explanatory Note

In the early 1780s, Nagakubo Sekisui, the first Japanese scientific geographer, published a world map containing latitudes and longitudes, based on Matteo Ricci's map of 1602. The map and its extensive explanatory text had a considerable impact on the educated classes of the late Edo Period (1603–1868) toward their new vision of the world. We are providing here an analysis of the map and the first complete English translation of Nagakubo Sekisui's most interesting, long explanatory text.     

弧度测量子午线弧长随纬度的变化规律问题

由于地球是弹滞体,根据牛顿理论,由于地球的自转作用,地球应该呈扁椭球状。18世纪,法国科学院派遣了两支测量队分赴拉普兰和秘鲁对地球的子午线弧长进行了实测,最终证实了地球是扁椭球。本文分别讨论了子午弧长随地心、大地、归化纬度的变化规律,数值计算结果表明:以大地纬度和归化纬度而论.1°子午线弧长随着纬度的增大而逐渐变长;但以地心纬度而论,1°子午线弧长随着纬度的增大而逐渐变短。     

2018年春季气候异常及可能成因分析

2018年春季全国平均气温为1961年来最高,全国大部地区气温普遍偏高,尤其是长江以南及中国北方的中部区域偏高明显。全国平均降水量较常年略偏多,呈东部地区“南少北多”,华西降水偏多,而江南南部至华南、西北西部的部分地区降水偏少的分布特点。自北大西洋经欧亚大陆至东北亚中高纬上空的纬向波列及东亚低层维持的异常偏南气流是2018年春季中国气候异常的重要原因,且乌拉尔山以东的低槽和东北亚上空的高脊是关键环流系统。亚洲中低纬上空均为异常高压脊控制,尤其是东北亚上空的高脊造成了2018年春季中国大部地区气温偏高。乌拉尔山以东低槽有利于冷空气爆发南下而东北亚上空的高脊引导西北太平洋暖湿气流向西向北影响我国,冷暖气流交汇从而造成了长江以北地区及华西降水偏多,而南海至西太平洋上空的异常气旋则导致江南南部至华南少雨。另外,虽然2017/2018年冬季发生了一次弱的La Ni〖AKn~D〗a事件,并且2018年春季北大西洋三极子模态（NAT）呈较强的正位相,但其对中国2018年春季降水异常影响较小,而以大气环流的影响为主导。进一步分析发现,乌拉尔山以东的低槽和东北亚上空的高脊与中国春季温度和降水具有很好的相关性,易于造成中国气温偏高;东部降水“南少北多”且华西多雨。两个关键环流系统间存在显著的负相关关系,且均与欧亚遥相关（EU）波列关系密切。同时,东北亚上空的脊还与北极涛动（AO）正位相具有高相关。     

高纬度区域北斗CORS精度分析

简述了北斗CORS发展现状,并在高纬度区域建立北斗CORS试验网,比较了单BDS、单GPS以及BDS+GPS三种定位方式下测试点的内外符合精度,结果表明:北斗网络RTK在水平方向与GPS网络RTK精度基本相当,北斗网络RTD完全可以替代GPS的网络RTD,在高纬度区域的北斗CORS精度已能满足众多行业的需求。     

Geostrophic balance over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal regions

Geostrophic balance over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal regions has been studied using the wind data obtained from the AVRO (HS-748) aircraft during the FGGE-MONEX-79.In the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal regions, the observed wind south of 20°N was found to be sub-geostrophic. In the Arabian Sea region the departure at 1500 m was 75–95% and at 3050 m it was 60–65%. In the Bay of Bengal region the departure was 85–95%. In a few cases north of 20°N the observed winds at 3050 m were found to be super-geostrophic in the regions of enhanced monsoon activity, cyclonic circulation reaching up to 6000 m and in the region of monsoon trough.     

2003年夏季中高纬度环流与淮河流域降水

研究了 2 0 0 3年夏季中高纬环流特征以及乌拉尔山、鄂霍茨克海和贝加尔湖三个地区阻高指数逐候的变化情况。 6月下旬至 7月上旬东亚中高纬出现“双阻”形势 ,造成淮河流域持续一个多月的集中强降水 ,但是在 7月底 ,鄂霍次克海阻高再度建立并持续 ,致使盛夏西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏南 ,所以雨带的位置也未能北移。因此 2 0 0 3年夏季主要雨带维持在淮河流域