Seasonal Variations of Observed Raindrop Size Distribution in East China

Seasonal variations of rainfall microphysics in East China are investigated using data from the observations of a twodimensional video disdrometer and a vertically pointing micro rain radar. The precipitation and rain drop size distribution(DSD) characteristics are revealed for different rain types and seasons. Summer rainfall is dominated by convective rain,while during the other seasons the contribution of stratiform rain to rainfall amount is equal to or even larger than that of convective rain. The mean mass-weighted diameter versus the generalized intercept parameter pairs of convective rain are plotted roughly around the "maritime" cluster, indicating a maritime nature of convective precipitation throughout the year in East China. The localized rainfall estimators, i.e., rainfall kinetic energy–rain rate, shape–slope, and radar reflectivity–rain rate relations are further derived. DSD variability is believed to be a major source of diversity of the aforementioned derived estimators. These newly derived relations would certainly improve the accuracy of rainfall kinetic energy estimation, DSD retrieval, and quantitative precipitation estimation in this specific region.     

Effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice microphysics on precipitation efficiency during a torrential rainfall event in China

The effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice microphysics on precipitation efficiency （PE） were investigated through analysis of modeling data of a torrential rainfall event over Jinan, China during July 2007. Vertical wind shear affected PE by changing the kinetic energy conversion between the mean and perturbation circulations. Clou~radiation interaction impacted upon PE, but the relationship related to cloud radiative effects on PE was not statistically significant. The reduction in deposition processes as- sociated with the removal of ice microphysics suppressed efficiency. The relationships related to effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice clouds on PEs defined in cloud and surface rainfall budgets were more statistically significant than that defined in the rain microphysical budget.     

华北层状云系人工增雨个例数值研究

利用耦合了CAMS详尽云方案和非静力中尺度数值模式MM5V3的CAMS中尺度云分辨模式对2008年3月20—21日环北京地区的一次层状云系降水进行模拟和人工催化数值试验。模拟自然降水分布与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析的基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明：在过冷水含量高且冰晶含量低的区域引入人工冰晶可使地面降水增加。引入人工冰晶后催化区域水汽明显减少,云水也有减少,冰晶粒子和雪粒子增加,而且水汽减少的量明显大于过冷云水的减少量。同时催化后550 hPa附近的下沉气流中心变为上升气流,动力、热力效应明显。雪碰并冰晶增长、冰晶转化成雪增长是催化高度附近雪晶增加的主要过程,而催化高度以下,雪碰并过冷云滴增长是雪晶增加的主要过程;雪晶碰并过冷雨滴增长是霰粒子增加的主要过程;雨滴碰并云滴增长是雨滴增长的主要过程。     

强西南急流背景下南岭山脉一次暖区大暴雨数值模拟分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星FY-2G逐时TBB资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2016年5月5日湘桂粤边界南岭山脉的一次强西南急流背景下预报失败的暖区大暴雨过程(简称16·5过程,下同)进行数值模拟和诊断分析,研究了南岭山脉特殊地形对此次暖区降水过程的动力结构、水汽输送和云降水微物理机制的影响。结果表明,中低层西南气流由于受到南岭多处山脉地形的阻挡、侧摩擦和峡谷等效应的影响反复出现强烈辐合区,导致连续出现超强的水汽辐合中心,造成了湘桂粤边界暖区大暴雨的发生;在南岭特殊地形导致的动力、水汽条件下和有利于云内微物理过程发展的环境下,局地对流云系强烈发展与大尺度西南气流引导的深厚高层冰相云系结合后,云内的过冷云水在强盛的上升气流作用下抬升,丰富的过冷云水有利于贝吉隆过程和结凇进程,促进云内固态粒子增长,这是导致此次暖区大暴雨发生的重要云微物理内因。     

机载云降水粒子成像仪的数据处理软件研发及其在云微物理研究的应用

云粒子成像仪(Cloud Imaging Probe,CIP)和降水粒子成像仪(Precipitation Ima-ging Probe,PIP)在云微物理和人工影响天气的观测研究中具有重要的作用.受限于仪器的成像测量原理,CIP和PIP所测云微物理数据质量因伪粒子的影响而降低,因此,急需一款能够对仪器所测数据进行订正...     

贵州威宁雹暴微物理特征的观测及数值模拟研究

利用位于贵州威宁雪山镇的X波段双偏振雷达,在观测资料质量控制的基础上,结合基于模糊逻辑的水凝物粒子识别算法(HID)以及中尺度数值模式WRF,对2018年6月28日贵州威宁羊街镇的一次强雹暴天气过程进行分析。结果表明：此次冰雹过程,观测识别与模式模拟结果具有较好的一致性,主要经历发展、成熟(孕育)、成熟(降雹)、衰减(消亡)四个阶段。(1)发展阶段：低密度霰(LDG)初生于-20℃层附近(5.0～6.8 km),是冰晶(CR)与周围过冷云水的凇附作用所致;高密度霰(HDG)初生于2.6～4.2 km,由聚合物(AG)凇附周围过冷云水所形成。(2)成熟(孕育)阶段：LDG、HDG以AG粒子为主要霰胚源进行凇附增长;雨夹雹(RH)初始形成在-20℃层附近(4.2～6.8 km),由周围少量HDG为雹胚源碰冻过冷云水所致。(3)成熟(降雹)阶段：LDG通过碰并作用大量形成,HDG产生有两种源项,一是由AG粒子(3.4～6.0 km)为高密度霰胚源的凇附作用,二是由上方的LDG粒子(6.8～9.3 km),因重力沉降作用,在下沉中撞冻过冷水所形成,并最终由HDG为主要雹胚源形成RH。(4)衰减...     

飞机积冰云微物理特征分析及监测技术研究

利用7个架次有积冰报告的飞机探测资料,对积冰云的微物理特征进行了分析,详细描述了云中相态组成、液水含量、中值体积直径和过冷大滴浓度特征。介绍了基于卫星、数值模式输出和地面观测资料的飞机积冰潜势监测技术,在与20个飞机探测积冰报告对比中,积冰监测可识别率为90%,并应用飞机积冰潜势监测技术具体分析了2010年10月26日的积冰个例。最后介绍了基于积冰潜势监测技术的飞机积冰监测系统,该系统能够支持水平分辨率为20 km、垂直分辨率为25 hPa、时间分辨率为1 h的飞机积冰潜势产品的运算和显示,该系统可为实际业务提供参考。     

液态CO2人工引晶后云微物理和降水变化的观测分析

根据飞机探测仪器观测到的云中粒子微观结构,结合卫星、雷达和常规天气资料,分析了人工增雨作业前后云的宏、微观物理结构和降水变化。结果表明,作业后影响区云中的冰晶浓度、雨滴直径比对比区有明显增加,云中过冷水减少;对比区降水回波强度和强回波区面积变化不大,而影响区最大回波强度增大,强回波区的面积扩大,降水增加。这与影响区云中降水粒子增多、直径增大是一致的,这些结果说明了液态CO2催化层状云的物理响应。     

沿天山地区一次暴雨动力过程和云中水凝物粒子特征的数值模拟研究

在分析了2018年5月23日—24日北疆沿天山一带典型的地形暴雨天气过程的环流形势、水汽输送和暴雨云系特征的基础上,利用高分辨率数值模式WRF3.8.1对暴雨过程进行模拟,在模拟结果与实况较为吻合的基础上,利用模拟资料对暴雨动力过程和云微物理特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)“两脊一槽”的环流形势是此次暴雨发生的环流背景,东移过程中不断加深的中亚低槽是此次暴雨的影响系统。巴伦支海的水汽经过西西伯利亚平原多次转向输送至暴雨区,为暴雨的产生提供有利的水汽条件。积层混合云快速移过暴雨区使较强降雨持续了约6 h。(2)高分辨率数值模式WRF能较好地反映出此次暴雨过程的降雨性质、雨带分布特征和大值中心位置。模拟结果显示低空急流在向天山移动过程中,受天山地形阻挡抬升,在沿天山一带形成了显著的辐合和上升运动,为此次强降雨提供了有利的动力条件。(3)有利的动力条件使水凝物粒子(冰晶、雪、霰、云水、雨水)能够在北疆沿天山一带地区不断聚集、增长从而形成大值中心,固相粒子与液相粒子在垂直分布上相交的区域存在固—液粒子转化,有利于降雨强度的增强,其中霰粒子和过冷云水发挥了重要的作用。     

The Great Dun Fell Experiment 1995: an overview

During March and April of 1995 a major international field project was conducted at the UMIST field station site on Great Dun Fell in Cumbria, Northern England. The hill cap cloud which frequently envelopes this site was used as a natural flow through reactor to examine the sensitivity of the cloud microphysics to the aerosol entering the cloud and also to investigate the effects of the cloud in changing the aerosol size distribution, chemical composition and associated optical properties. To investigate these processes, detailed measurements of the cloud water chemistry (including the chemistry of sulphur compounds, organic and inorganic oxidised nitrogen and ammonia), cloud microphysics and properties of the aerosol and trace gas concentrations upwind and downwind of the cap cloud were undertaken. It was found that the cloud droplet number was generally strongly correlated to aerosol number concentration, with up to 2000 activated droplets cm⁻³ being observed in the most polluted conditions. In such conditions it was inferred that hygroscopic organic compounds were important in the activation process. Often, the size distribution of the aerosol was substantially modified by the cloud processing, largely due to the aqueous phase oxidation of S(IV) to sulphate by hydrogen peroxide, but also through the uptake and fixing of gas phase nitric acid as nitrate, increasing the calculated optical scattering of the aerosol substantially (by up to 24%). New particle formation was also observed in the ultrafine aerosol mode (at about 5 nm) downwind of the cap cloud, particularly in conditions of low total aerosol surface area and in the presence of ammonia and HCl gases. This was seen to occur at night as well as during the day via a mechanism which is not yet understood. The implications of these results for parameterising aerosol growth in Global Climate Models are explored.