Volcanic particle aggregation in explosive eruption columns. Part II: Numerical experiments

The goal of this paper is to determine the parameters that control the aggregation efficiency and the growth rate of volcanic particles within the eruption column. Numerical experiments are performed with the plume model ATHAM (Active Tracer High resolution Atmospheric Model). In this study we employ the parameterizations described in a companion paper (this issue). The presence of hydrometeors promotes the aggregation of ash particles, which strongly increases their fall velocities and thus their environmental impact. The tephra mass is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of hydrometeors during typical Plinian eruptions without interaction of external water. Ice is highly dominant in comparison to liquid water (> 99% by mass). This is caused by the fast column rise (> 100 m s^− 1 on average) to very cold altitudes. Most particles occur in the form of frozen aggregates with low ice content.The collection efficiency is governed by the availability of hydrometeors acting as adhesives at the particles’ surface in our study, and wet ash particles have a higher sticking capacity than icy ones. Therefore, aggregation is fastest during the eruption within the column when limited regions of liquid water exist and when particle concentrations are very high (of the order of 10⁵ cm^− 3). Increased humidity in the background atmosphere generally leads to enhanced ice formation, but shows only a weak influence on the aggregation process. First sensitivity studies showed, however, a significant increase of the liquid water fraction when considering salinity effects. The availability of water or ice at the particles' surfaces is also governed by the surface properties, the porosity and permeability of ash, which are not well established to date. Particle growth is significantly enhanced for greater differences in the sizes and fall velocities among particles, as gravitational capture becomes more efficient. Our experiments indicate a major influence of the erupted particle size distribution. First sensitivity studies show that electrostatic forces result in a significant enhancement of aggregated particles.The present exploratory study provides new insights into the sensitivity of the ash aggregation process to a number of key parameters. Our results indicate the need of further constraining particle composition, size, porosity, permeability, and surface properties at low temperatures by in situ observations in the laboratory and in the field. In addition further research on electrostatic aggregation would be desirable.     

热带飑线结构和演变的数值模拟研究第一部分：云分辨模式

利用风暴尺度、云分辨的数值模式ＡＲＰＳ模拟了 １９９３年２月 ２２日 ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥ试验期间在赤道南太平洋观测到一次热带海洋飑线过程的发生发展过程，验证该模式的模拟热带对流系统的能力，并详细地分析了该次飑线的结构特征和动力学形成机制。通过数值敏感性试验研究了不同的云微物理过程对热带飑线的结构和发展演变过程的影响，所考虑的云微物理过程分为包含六种水相态的冰相过程和 Ｋｅｓｓｌｅｒ暖雨过程。模拟结果表明，云分辨模式ＡＲＰＳ采用合适的物理过程可以较成功地模拟出热带飑线的三维结构及其演变过程。数值敏感性试验结果表明，在对流上升过程中，由于与冻结作用有关的冰相微物理过程能释放更多的潜热，这种潜热能产生垂直方向上的浮力梯度从而较明显地加强系统的深对流，有利于对流系统组织性的对流带的长时间维持；相比之下，暖雨过程中飑线的生命周期缩短，而系统倾斜结构更明显，层状云区的发展比较旺盛。     

雨滴谱谱形参数对梅雨降水模拟能力的影响

实际观测表明雨滴谱的谱形参数(μ_r)具有显著的时空分布特征,而微物理参数化方案中往往将其设定为常数。基于WRF 3.5.1模式中的Milbrandt 2-mon(MY)双参数方案,针对四次典型的江淮梅雨降水过程,利用江淮梅雨的实际雨滴谱观测资料结果,分析MY方案中诊断雨滴谱谱形参数的处理方法对梅雨降水模拟效果的影响。结果表明:利用雨滴谱斜率诊断μ_r的处理方式对梅雨降水的系统性偏差有一定的改善能力,对降水落区分布的局地性特征能够发挥一定的修正作用。较强降水对μ_r的完善表现出更显著的改善倾向。耦合经验公式后,μ_r总体增加,对流层中低层的μ_r随降水强度增加而降低。与μ_r直接相关的雨滴质量加权末速度的增加和雨水含水量的减小是改进试验中降水变化的直接原因。环境场的水汽与动力条件的改变是降水变化的重要间接原因,云物质的响应变化以及降水位置强度的宏观特征演变与此密切相关。强弱降水的改善程度的差异主要源于各自物理量场的响应特征的不同。强降水的暖云云物质特征变化趋势虽与弱降水时一致,但变化幅度等差异显著。弱降水时,物理量场对μ_r的响应特征表现出较为一致的变化趋势和一定的线性特征;而强降水条件下,云物理过程以及同环境条件之间的反馈作用更加复杂,冰云和环境场的响应特征往往没有显著规律可循。     

毫米波云雷达冻雨 降雪微物理和动力特征分析

目前冬季冻雨和降雪垂直结构的精细化研究十分缺乏,为开展这方面的研究,对垂直指向Ka波段毫米波云雷达冬季在贵州威宁观测的功率谱数据进行反射率因子、速度谱宽参数的提取,且新颖地提取了可以反映粒子下落过程变化的偏度参数。通过反演空气垂直运动速度得到粒子的下落末速度,进而得到垂直方向上的平均粒子半径,随后分析了垂直方向上液态水含量和冰水含量的变化,并结合探空数据及各参数在垂直结构上的变化分析了下落过程中粒子的发展变化过程。分析结果表明:冻雨回波特征是片状不均匀结构,而降雪的丝缕状结构明显;冻雨和降雪过程初始形成的平均粒子半径分别在40和120μm附近;冻雨过程粒子从初始形成到迅速碰并形成大的粒子并开始下落大约要0.2 km左右;云顶高度较云中液态水含量、冰水含量的高度高0.1 km左右,高出范围内的云内含水量很小,各参数在垂直结构上的变化相一致。     

北京一次短时局地大暴雨过程的特征及对云物理方案的敏感性数值模拟试验

云物理过程是云和降水形成的重要环节。本文针对2011年6月23日发生在北京地区的一次大暴雨过程进行了云降水与天气特征分析,并开展了WRF模式中10种不同云微物理方案对此次暴雨强度、落区和发生时间的敏感性数值模拟试验。研究结果表明,此次大暴雨是由多单体组织、合并形成深厚的中尺度对流系统,并具有明显的短时局地特征和有利的高低空、高低纬度大中尺度天气环流形势及强烈的水汽输送条件。暴雨强度、落区和发生时间的数值模拟结果对云物理方案非常敏感。不同云物理方案对累积降水量≥50 mm和≥100 mm的暴雨模拟的ETS评分显示,只有Thompson方案对此暴雨量级的评分均为正,其他方案的ETS评分均不理想,特别是对累积降水量≥100 mm的大暴雨模拟。在小时暴雨强度和发生时间方面,Thompson方案模拟效果也较好,其次是Lin方案和WSM6方案;对区域累积最大降水量和落区的模拟方面,Thompson方案和Morrison方案模拟的最大累积降水量更接近观测值,但在落区方面,一些具有完整云物理过程的单参数方案（Lin方案、WSM6方案）模拟效果较好,但模拟的最大降水量偏小。针对暖雨的双参数方案WDM6对区域平均降水模拟较好,但对暴雨极端降水模拟较差。对造成差异的原因分析表明,不同云物理方案的差异主要体现在雪和霰的参数化方面,由于采用的粒子谱分布、密度和末速度不同,导致云中粒子间的碰并和形成过程不同,大部分云物理方案模拟的霰含量高,雪含量低。这种云微物理过程的差异会导致云动力过程的反馈作用出现明显不同,但这种反馈作用的差异主要体现在降水粒子对上升气流的拖曳作用不同。尽管云中相变潜热过程对云动力过程具有很重要的影响,但不同云物理方案在相变潜热过程和温度廓线分布方面造成的差异并不明显。因此,云物理方案中考虑合理的粒子谱分布、形态和密度变化,有利于提高暴雨的模拟效果。     

强西南急流背景下南岭山脉一次暖区大暴雨数值模拟分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星FY-2G逐时TBB资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2016年5月5日湘桂粤边界南岭山脉的一次强西南急流背景下预报失败的暖区大暴雨过程(简称16·5过程,下同)进行数值模拟和诊断分析,研究了南岭山脉特殊地形对此次暖区降水过程的动力结构、水汽输送和云降水微物理机制的影响。结果表明,中低层西南气流由于受到南岭多处山脉地形的阻挡、侧摩擦和峡谷等效应的影响反复出现强烈辐合区,导致连续出现超强的水汽辐合中心,造成了湘桂粤边界暖区大暴雨的发生;在南岭特殊地形导致的动力、水汽条件下和有利于云内微物理过程发展的环境下,局地对流云系强烈发展与大尺度西南气流引导的深厚高层冰相云系结合后,云内的过冷云水在强盛的上升气流作用下抬升,丰富的过冷云水有利于贝吉隆过程和结凇进程,促进云内固态粒子增长,这是导致此次暖区大暴雨发生的重要云微物理内因。     

The cloud processes of a simulated moderate snowfall event in North China

The understanding of the cloud processes of snowfall is essential to the artificial enhancement of snow and the numerical simulation of snowfall. The mesoscale model MM5 is used to simulate a moderate snowfall event in North China that occurred during 20–21 December 2002. Thirteen experiments are performed to test the sensitivity of the simulation to the cloud physics with different cumulus parameterization schemes and different options for the Goddard cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. It is shown that the cumulus parameterization scheme has little to do with the simulation result. The results also show that there are only four classes of water substances, namely the cloud water, cloud ice, snow, and vapor, in the simulation of the moderate snowfall event. The analysis of the cloud microphysics budgets in the explicit experiment shows that the condensation of supersaturated vapor, the depositional growth of cloud ice, the initiation of cloud ice, the accretion of cloud ice by snow, the accretion of cloud water by snow, the deposition growth of snow, and the Bergeron process of cloud ice are the dominant cloud microphysical processes in the simulation. The accretion of cloud water by snow and the deposition growth of the snow are equally important in the development of the snow.     

贵州威宁雹暴微物理特征的观测及数值模拟研究

利用位于贵州威宁雪山镇的X波段双偏振雷达,在观测资料质量控制的基础上,结合基于模糊逻辑的水凝物粒子识别算法(HID)以及中尺度数值模式WRF,对2018年6月28日贵州威宁羊街镇的一次强雹暴天气过程进行分析。结果表明：此次冰雹过程,观测识别与模式模拟结果具有较好的一致性,主要经历发展、成熟(孕育)、成熟(降雹)、衰减(消亡)四个阶段。(1)发展阶段：低密度霰(LDG)初生于-20℃层附近(5.0～6.8 km),是冰晶(CR)与周围过冷云水的凇附作用所致;高密度霰(HDG)初生于2.6～4.2 km,由聚合物(AG)凇附周围过冷云水所形成。(2)成熟(孕育)阶段：LDG、HDG以AG粒子为主要霰胚源进行凇附增长;雨夹雹(RH)初始形成在-20℃层附近(4.2～6.8 km),由周围少量HDG为雹胚源碰冻过冷云水所致。(3)成熟(降雹)阶段：LDG通过碰并作用大量形成,HDG产生有两种源项,一是由AG粒子(3.4～6.0 km)为高密度霰胚源的凇附作用,二是由上方的LDG粒子(6.8～9.3 km),因重力沉降作用,在下沉中撞冻过冷水所形成,并最终由HDG为主要雹胚源形成RH。(4)衰减...     

机载云降水粒子成像仪的数据处理软件研发及其在云微物理研究的应用

云粒子成像仪(Cloud Imaging Probe,CIP)和降水粒子成像仪(Precipitation Ima-ging Probe,PIP)在云微物理和人工影响天气的观测研究中具有重要的作用.受限于仪器的成像测量原理,CIP和PIP所测云微物理数据质量因伪粒子的影响而降低,因此,急需一款能够对仪器所测数据进行订正...     

A SENSITIVITY SIMULATION ABOUT CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF TYPHOON CHANCHU

With the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), this paper investigates the microphysical sensitivities of Typhoon Chanchu. Four different microphysical sensitivity experiments were designed with an objective to evaluate their respective impacts in modulating intensity forecasts and microphysics budgets of the typhoon. The set of sensitivity experiments were conducted ...