僧帽牡蛎碱性磷酸酶性质的研究

从僧帽牡蛎分离纯化出一种碱性磷酸酶,采用Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤柱层析法测得该酶分子量为1.57×10~5.以对硝基苯磷酸为底物,该酶的最适温度为43℃,最适pH值为10.0.在37℃和pH值为10.0的条件下,酶催化反应的米氏常数(K_m)为9.68×10~(-4)mol/dm~3,活化能(E_a)为45.85kJ/mol,温度系数(Q_(10))为1.80(30～40℃).对该酶的热稳定性研究表明:其在45℃以下较为稳定,50℃以上明显失活,并测定了该酶的热失活速度常数.金属离子对酶活力的效应研究结果表明:Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Co~(2+)对酶有激活作用,Ag~+、Hg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)表现为抑制作用,Cd~(2+)几乎没有影响.Mg~(2+)是较有效的激活剂,表现为部分非竞争性效应,激活常数(K_a)为2.48×10~(-4)mol/dm~3,有Mg~(2+)存在时该酶活性中心的转换数量是无Mg~(2+)时的4.0倍.几种效应物对酶的抑制机理研究表明:HPO_4~(2-)、HAsO_4~(2-)、Cys为竞争性,其抑制常数分别为1.61、1.18和0.15mmol/dm~3;L-Phe为反竞争性,抑制常数为3.26mmol/dm~3.     

The chemical, physical and structural properties of estuarine ice in Great Bay, New Hampshire

The purpose of this study was to provide general information on the chemical, physical and structural properties of estuarine ice and show how it compares with sea ice found at higher latitudes in order to determine whether the ice in Great Bay can be used as an analog in the study of arctic sea ice.Ice cores and water samples were collected during the 1983–1984 winter season at Adams Point in Great Bay, New Hampshire. Concentrations of chloride, nitrogen (as nitrate and nitrite), bromide, phosphate, sulfate and silicate were determined for samples chosen on the basis of identifiable stratigraphic layers (i.e. bubble size and shape, sediment layers, etc.).Similarities between ice formation in Great Bay and those in the arctic regions include the nature of the freezing process and the ice types produced. In addition, the distribution and concentration of chemical constituents were found to be similar to those observed in arctic sea ice. Factors affecting the chemistry of the ice in Great Bay include rainfall during the freezing season, the presence of sediment layers in the ice cores, the nature of incorporation of brine into the crystal structure of the ice and the drainage of brine.     

黄海、东海上空春季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

2003年春季国家卫星海洋应用中心等几家单位在黄海和东海海区进行了为期40 d的二类水体信息测量试验,试验中使用手持太阳辐射计对海区上空大气光学特性进行了观测,并获得了大量晴空天气条件下的大气光学数据.利用本次试验获取的测量数据得到了黄海、东海海区春季的大气气溶胶光学特性,其中包括气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶粒子谱分布.采用Langley方法对测量得到的太阳直射辐射量进行处理得到了海区上空气溶胶光学厚度,利用得到的气溶胶光学厚度来反演气溶胶粒子谱分布.反演结果表明无云情况下黄海、东海上空的气溶胶光学厚度在0.2~0.4左右,且气溶胶粒子谱分布的变化趋势也很接近;海区上空霾层较厚时测量得到的气溶胶光学厚度明显增大,最大接近0.8;气溶胶粒子谱分布的变化趋势发生了明显的变化.     

Microphysical Processes of a Stratiform Precipitation Event over Eastern China:Analysis Using Micro Rain Radar data

Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.     

建筑物上侧击雷电的三维数值模拟

基于三维近地面闪电先导发展随机模式,通过改变先导初始电位和建筑物几何特性,分析各种情况下的侧击雷电发生概率,探讨侧击雷电产生原因及影响因素。结果发现:建筑物尖端电场畸变值是影响侧击雷电产生的重要参量,当下行先导靠近建筑物且传播位置低于建筑物的高度时,建筑侧面电场畸变值达到触发阈值,侧击雷电易产生;下行先导的初始电位以及建筑物几何特性（高度和宽度）是影响侧击雷电发生概率的重要因素,当下行先导初始电位在-9~-3 MV范围内,侧击雷电发生概率呈先增加后降低的趋势,当初始电位为-4.5 MV时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物高度在50~150 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随着高度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;当建筑物高度为100 m时,侧击雷电发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物宽度在30~70 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随建筑物宽度呈递减趋势;当建筑物宽度为30 m时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值。     

夏季东天山中段一次强对流天气过程的数值模拟

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站观测资料和FY-2D卫星逐时TBB资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2011年夏季发生在东天山中段一次强对流天气过程进行数值模拟和诊断分析,研究了天山特殊地形对降水过程的动力结构、水汽输送和云降水微物理机制的影响。结果表明,西风气流东移时受东天山的阻挡,气流从东天山南北两侧绕流,北侧急流经博尔塔拉谷地越过北天山西段后,急流右侧气流反气旋转向形成北支气流;南侧急流遇吐鲁番地区反气旋系统阻挡而转向北进形成南支气流。两支气流受地形动力抬升在东天山中段北坡汇合,为此区域局地强对流降水的形成和发展提供动力条件,北支气流为主要的水汽供应源。高空西南气流引导的冰相云系与低层局地对流云在东天山中段北坡结合,分别持续提供冰晶和云水,促使云微物理过程发展旺盛,致使局地暴雨过程产生。     

A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics

Natural aggregate is vital to the construction industry. Although natural aggregate is a high volume/low value commodity that is abundant, new sources are becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop because of rigid industry specifications, political considerations, development and transportation costs, and environmental concerns. There are two primary sources of natural aggregate: (1) exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed, and (2) deposits of sand and gravel. Remote sensing and airborne geophysics detect surface and near-surface phenomena, and may be useful for detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources; however, before a methodology for applying these techniques can be developed, it is necessary to understand the type, distribution, physical properties, and characteristics of natural aggregate deposits.The distribution of potential aggregate sources is closely tied to local geologic history. Conventional exploration for natural aggregate deposits has been largely a ground-based operation, although aerial photographs and topographic maps have been extensively used to target possible deposits. Today, the exploration process also considers factors such as the availability of the land, space and water supply for processing, political and environmental factors, and distance from the market; exploration and planning cannot be separated.There are many physical properties and characteristics by which to judge aggregate material for specific applications; most of these properties and characteristics pertain only to individual aggregate particles. The application of remote sensing and airborne geophysical measurements to detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources, however, is based on intrinsic bulk physical properties and extrinsic characteristics of the deposits that can be directly measured, mathematically derived from measurement, or interpreted with remote sensing and geophysical data. On the cover: Northward view of alluvial fans along San Luis Valley, southcentral colorado. This image was created in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Remote Sensing laboratory by digitally draping SPOT panchromatic satellite data resampled to 30 meters pixels resolution over the 124,000 USGS DEM of the Bonanza, Whle Hill, Bushnell Peak, Graveyard Guich, Klondike Mine, and Villa Grove quadrangles.     

几种红藻和蓝藻藻胆体的分离和光谱特性

本文分析了高等红藻龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)藻胆体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,并与低等红藻条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)及蓝藻钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)作了比较研究。龙须菜藻胆体的吸收峰位于498nm、541nm、565nm、620nm和650nm。荧光发射峰位于576nm和672nm。从光谱学性质和能量传递分析,龙须菜和条斑紫菜胆体的组成、结构相似,但有细微差别。而螺旋藻藻胆体的组成、结构则与两种红藻差别较大。     

中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis)蛋白酶的纯化及其生化特性研究

采用Tris-HCl缓冲液(50mmol/L,pH7.5)抽提、Q-sepharose F.F.阴离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-300凝胶过滤层析、SDS-PAGE等方法,进行中华管鞭虾虾头蛋白酶的分离纯化、酶学性质及其动力学特性的研究。结果表明,中华管鞭虾虾头蛋白酶粗提物经层析后,得到聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的一酶组分。该蛋白酶的比活力从359.39U/mg增加到8277.83U/mg,提高了23.03倍,回收率达37.69%,SDS-PAGE显示该蛋白酶只含一条谱带,相对分子量为24.50kDa。以偶氮酪蛋白作为底物,该酶的米氏常数Km值为0.28mg/ml,最适温度为55℃,最适pH为7.5;蛋白酶在60℃以下比较稳定,放置1h后活性仍保持在60%以上,而在60℃以上时蛋白酶活性急剧下降,80℃放置1h后,酶活性只残留21.32%。10mmol/L Cu2 、Zn2 和EDTA对该蛋白酶有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别约为97%、96%和55%,10mmol/LMg2 能显著促进蛋白酶活性,而10mmol/LFe2 、Ba2 、Ca2 对蛋白酶活性的影响不大。推测中华管鞭虾蛋白酶可能为一种金属蛋白酶。     

Physical Properties and their Relationship to Texture and Consolidation Effects in Pliocene-Quaternary Sediments from Madeira Abyssal Plain

Multi-sensor core logger data and index properties were measured onboard the JOIDES resolution during ODP Leg 157 and compared with grain size distribution and carbonate contents measured in the on-shore laboratory. Cored sediments are similar in grain size, but very variable in carbonate content. Magnetic susceptibility clearly defines the volcanic turbidite layers, whereas GRAPE density and acoustic velocity help to define the coarser (silty) bases of some organic or calcareous turbidite layers. Index properties are mostly controlled by consolidation effects.