单次极端高温过程中城市热岛效应的识别

利用高密度自动观测站逐时气温资料和NCEP再分析资料,按照客观的标准选择参考站,分析2010年7月2~6日北京一次极端高温过程中城市热岛强度(IUHI)对城区地面气温时空分布的影响。此次高温过程连续5日的日最高气温均超过35.0°C,为北京站1951年以来连续5日平均最高气温的最高值。大陆暖高压控制我国大部分地区,北京处于高压脊前,西北气流下沉增温,加之气流越山引起的焚风效应,是导致此次极端高温过程发生的环流背景。但受城市热岛效应影响,最高、最低和平均气温的空间分布均出现了以城区为中心的高值区,从城区中心向郊区平均IUHI逐渐减小,最低气温IUHI较大,四环线以内5日平均IUHI达到2.93°C,四、五环线之间1.87°C,五、六环线之间1.43°C;最高气温IUHI较小,但四环线以内,四、五环线之间和五、六环线之间5日平均IUHI仍分别达到1.45°C、0.96°C和0.72°C。在7月3~6日夜间,四环内IUHI极值均在3.00°C以上,特别是7月6日凌晨达到5.50°C;白天IUHI相对较小,其中2日早晨甚至还出现了负值。城区各地带IUHI日变化规律几乎同步,具有两个相对稳定阶段和两个快速变化阶段。稳定的强IUHI阶段从21:00(北京时间,下同)持续到次日05:00,稳定的弱IUHI阶段从08:00至18:00;05:00至08:00是IUHI快速衰减阶段,而18:00至21:00是IUHI快速上升阶段。因此,城市热岛效应对北京城区夏季单次极端高温过程的强度及其空间分布具有显著影响,在很大程度上加重了城区特别是中心城区的高温影响。     

Practical kinetic modeling of petroleum generation and expulsion

Models for petroleum generation used by the industry are often limited by (a) sub-optimal laboratory pyrolysis methods for studying hydrocarbon generation, (b) over-simple models of petroleum generation, (c) inappropriate mathematical methods to derive kinetic parameters by fitting laboratory data, (d) primitive models of primary migration/expulsion and its coupling with petroleum generation, and (e) insufficient use of subsurface data to constrain the models. Problems (a), (b) and (c) lead to forced compensation effects between the activation energies and frequency factors of reaction kinetics that are wholly artificial, and which yield poor extrapolations to geological conditions. Simple switch or adsorption models of expulsion are insufficient to describe the residence time of species in source rocks. Yet, the residence time controls the thermal stresses to which the species are subjected for cracking to lighter species.     

影响鸢乌贼手钓上钩率的因子探讨

根据印度洋西北部鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)作业渔场的现场调查数据,分析了作业水深、作业时段、摄食等级和月相等因子对手钓上钩率的影响。统计表明,晚上、午夜和凌晨3个不同时段和不同作业水深对手钓上钩率均有显著性影响。3个时段中,其摄食等级呈先低后高再低的现象。午夜和凌晨,上钩率的变化趋势与摄食等级的变化趋势呈显著的负相关。在月相的影响下,离朔日三四天之前,手钓产量呈上升趋势;离望日五六天之前,手钓产量呈明显的下降趋势。     

基于遥感的城市热岛效应研究

热红外遥感和气候学的交叉融合为城市热岛效应提供了新的研究方法。从城市热岛的空间分布与土地利用类型、植被覆盖关系、人为热关系以及城市热岛效应演变4方面分析热红外遥感在城市热岛研究中的应用现状;探讨目前存在的两个主要问题:城市地物真实温度难以获取,遥感和气候模型结合不密切;提出遥感和气候模型结合以及多平台、多尺度、多角度遥感的综合应用等是城市热岛效应遥感研究的发展趋势。     

不同对流层天顶延迟模型在中国西北地区适应性研究

基于Fortran语言对GAMIT10.7软件进行二次开发,实现了Hopfield模型、Saastamoinen模型、Black模型、UNB3模型、EGNOS模型、GPT2w_1+ Saastamoinen模型和GPT2w_5+ Saastamoinen模型在中国西北地区的对流层延迟解算服务,并分析不同对流层延迟模型在...     

地勘单位转变经济增长方式若干问题的思考

转变地勘单位的经济增长方式,提高各生产要素的使用效率,进而提高经济效益,推动地勘单位的经济持续、健康、全面的发展是当前急需解决的首要问题。本文在分析了地勘单位经济增长方式现状的基础上,指出了优化认识、优化资金配置、优化资本运行机制、优化内部管理、优化经营规模、优化人才成长环境等六个方面是转变地勘单位经济增长方式可选择的主要思路和途径。     

A Combined Three-Dimensional Geological-Geostatistical-Numerical Model of Underground Excavations in Rock

Summary. This paper exploits geological and borehole geotechnical data obtained in the exploratory phase of a tunneling project to investigate in a first place if the kriging interpolation scheme may effectively reproduce the spatial variability of rock mass quality (Rock Mass Rating, RMR) in the vicinity of tunnels. For this purpose a quick solver in Fortran has been developed that performs variography analysis of 3D spatial data, fast kriging estimations of RMR between borehole sampling locations at the centroids of the elements of the numerical model, and model validation. For the purpose of an integrated underground excavation design, a step further is made by incorporating into the 3D mechanical numerical model of the rock mass, the three-dimensional (3D) solid geological model, thus coupling the geology with the ground (geotechnical) model (i.e. each element of the numerical model is assigned a geological material). The mechanical properties of each finite difference cell (or Representative Elementary Volume) of the ground model were then prescribed according to its geological type, the spatial heterogeneity of the rock mass expressed quantitatively with the kriging model, and the upscaling calculations of the mechanical properties of the intact rocks determined in the laboratory, based on the size-effect (strength dependence on size) and Damage Theory. Furthermore, a preliminary numerical simulation of the advance of unsupported tunnels in the model of the heterogeneous rock mass was performed for illustration purposes.     

Unveiling controls of the latitudinal gradient of surface pCO2 in the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation regions（northwestern North Pacific） in late spring

In the northwestern North Pacific, annual net air-sea CO₂ flux is greatest in the Kuroshio Extension（KE） zone,owing to its low annual mean partial pressure of CO₂（pCO₂）, and it decreases southward across the basin. To quantify the influences of factors controlling the latitudinal gradient in CO₂ uptake, sea surface pCO₂ and related parameters were investigated in late spring of 2018 in a study spanning the KE, Kuroshio Recirculation（KR）, and...     

东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东西向移动的热力强迫分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1 000～10 hPa 2.5 °×2.5 °日平均再分析资料,分析2003年6月22—25日热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高,下同）短期东西进退的热力强迫过程,并探讨了相应机制。结果表明:东风带扰动附近非绝热效应分布和强度的变化影响着西太副高东西向的运动;西太副高短期东西向移动有趋“冷”的趋势,即西太副高向非绝热加热减弱或者非绝热冷却增强方向移动;在西太副高突然东退前后,东风带扰动东、西侧的非绝热加热效应出现明显的变化,主要体现为东风带扰动东侧非绝热冷却效应增强和东风带扰动西侧非绝热冷却效应减弱东退的特征,而且在对流层300 hPa高度附近表现最为明显;在非绝热加热效应影响因子中,垂直输送项最为重要,其次为局地变化项,水平平流效应最不显著,因此,垂直输送作用和局地变化作用引起的非绝热效应的变化是影响西太副高突然东退的主要原因。      

西安市气候变暖与城市热岛效应问题研究

选取1961—2003年西安站和周围4站月平均气温资料, 利用西安站与周围4站气温距平滑动平均变化趋势的差异, 发现该站平均气温有两个明显的上升期, 热岛效应使西安站平均升温1.07 ℃, 并建立了西安市城市热岛效应模型。在此基础上分离了气候变暖过程中由于城市热岛效应引起的增温作用。