济青高速公路大雾天气气候特征及其影响

利用济青高速公路沿线13个气象站1971～2000年的地面观测资料，分析了济青高速公路沿线大雾天气的天气气候特征，发现：济青高速公路沿线大雾天气不仅具有明显的年际变化，而且具有明显季节、昼夜和地域差异，并在此基础上将不同路段大雾服务划分为特别关键期、关键期、次关键期。结合实际交通气象服务的需要，将大雾天气对于高速公路的影响划分为4个等级，并提出了未来开展高速公路大雾服务的设想。     

Assessing the significance of wet-canopy evaporation from forests during extreme rainfall events for flood mitigation in mountainous regions of the United Kingdom

There is increased interest in the potential of tree planting to help mitigate flooding using nature-based solutions or natural flood management. However, many publications based upon catchment studies conclude that, as flood magnitude increases, benefit from forest cover declines and is insignificant for extreme flood events. These conclusions conflict with estimates of evaporation loss from forest plot observations of gross rainfall, through fall and stem flow. This study explores data from existing studies to assess the magnitudes of evaporation and attempts to identify the meteorological conditions under which they would be supported. This is achieved using rainfall event data collated from publications and data archives from studies undertaken in temperate environments around the world. The meteorological conditions required to drive the observed evaporation losses are explored theoretically using the Penman–Monteith equation. The results of this theoretical analysis are compared with the prevailing meteorological conditions during large and extreme rainfall events in mountainous regions of the United Kingdom to assess the likely significance of wet canopy evaporation loss. The collated dataset showed that event Ewc losses between approximately 2 and 38% of gross rainfall (1.5 to 39.4 mm day⁻¹) have been observed during large rainfall events (up to 118 mm day⁻¹) and that there are few data for extreme events (>150 mm day⁻¹). Event data greater than 150 mm (reported separately) included similarly high percentage evaporation losses. Theoretical estimates of wet-canopy evaporation indicated that, to reproduce the losses towards the high end of these observations, relative humidity and the aerodynamic resistance for vapour transport needed to be lower than approximately 97.5% and 0.5 to 2 s m⁻¹ respectively. Surface meteorological data during large and extreme rainfall events in the United Kingdom suggest that conditions favourable for high wet-canopy evaporation are not uncommon and indicate that significant evaporation losses during large and extreme events are possible but not for all events and not at all locations. Thus the disparity with the results from catchment studies remains.     

成都地区近30年大雾的气候特征分析

本文利用成都市1981~2010年大雾观测资料对成都地区大雾的气候特征和气候背景进行分析。结果表明,成都地区大雾日数总体减少,减少幅度为3.2d/a,但各季减少幅度及变化显著不同;大雾存在明显的日变化,主要集中在05~08时生成,08~12时消散;空间分布上,呈现南部偏多,西北部和东部偏少的趋势,西北部和西南部减少幅度小于南部。当气压950.0~970.0hPa、气温为5~15℃、相对湿度70%~90%、风速0~3m·s^-1、近地面有逆温时,出现大雾的频率最高。     

The exceptional Herbig Ae star HD 101412: The first detection of resolved magnetically split lines and the presence of chemical spots in a Herbig star

In our previous search for magnetic fields in Herbig Ae stars, we pointed out that HD 101412 possesses the strongest magnetic field among the Herbig Ae stars and hence is of special interest for follow‐up studies of magnetism among young pre‐main‐sequence stars. We obtained high‐resolution, high signal‐to‐noise UVES and a few lower quality HARPS spectra revealing the presence of resolved magnetically split lines. HD 101412 is the first Herbig Ae star for which the rotational Doppler effect was found to be small in comparison to the magnetic splitting and several spectral lines observed in unpolarized light at high dispersion are resolved into magnetically split components. The measured mean magnetic field modulus varies from 2.5 to 3.5kG, while the mean quadratic field was found to vary in the range of 3.5 to 4.8 kG. To determine the period of variations, we used radial velocity, equivalent width, line width, and line asymmetry measurements of variable spectral lines of several elements, as well as magnetic field measurements. The period determination was done using the Lomb‐Scargle method. The most pronounced variability was detected for spectral lines of He I and the iron peak elements, whereas the spectral lines of CNO elements are only slightly variable. From spectral variations and magnetic field measurements we derived a potential rotation period P_rot = 13.86 d, which has to be proven in future studies with a larger number of observations. It is the first time that the presence of element spots is detected on the surface of a Herbig Ae/Be star. Our previous study of Herbig Ae stars revealed a trend towards stronger magnetic fields for younger Herbig Ae stars, confirmed by statistical tests. This is in contrast to a few other (non‐statistical) studies claiming that magnetic Herbig Ae stars are progenitors of the magnetic Ap stars. New developments in MHD theory show that the measured magnetic field strengths are compatible with a current‐driven instability of toroidal fields generated by differential rotation in the stellar interior. This explanation for magnetic intermediate‐mass stars could be an alternative to a frozen‐in fossil field (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

近年广西典型“回南天”现象成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的25°×25°格点再分析资料以及南宁站气温、露点、能见度、气压等常规观测资料与河池、北海站探空资料,采用统计分析和典型个例分析相结合的方法,分析了2005—2013年广西“回南天”过程的天气形势和气象要素特征。结果发现：①不同影响程度“回南天”发生前均受到较长时间的冷空气影响;②“回南天”发生时,地面有暖低压或倒槽发展,中高纬度没有明显的冷空气南下,850 hPa和925 hPa上南风强盛,锋区逆温接近近地层,温度骤升,气压剧降,湿度加大,当日14:00露点温度高于当日最低气温;③“回南天”结束方式有两种：冷性结束和暖性结束;④“回南天”预报依据：如果广西冬春季在较长时间的冷空气影响之后,925 hPa温度和湿度突增,同时预测到未来1~2天,14:00露点温度将高于当天最低温度。     

Where do the progenitors of millisecond pulsars come from?

Observations of a large population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) show a wide divergence in the orbital periods (from approximately hours to a few months). In the standard view, low‐mass X‐ray binaries (LMXBs) are considered as progenitors for some MSPs during the recycling process. We present a systematic study that combines different types of compact objects in binaries such as cataclysmic variables (CVs), LMXBs, and MSPs. We plot them together in the so called Corbet diagram. Larger and different samples are needed to better constrain the result as a function of the environment and formations. A scale diagram showing the distribution of MSPs for different orbital periods and the aspects for their progenitors relying on accretion induced collapse (AIC) of white dwarfs in binaries. Thus massive CVs (M ≥ 1.1 M_⊙) can play a vital role on binary evolution, as well as of the physical processes involved in the formation and evolution of neutron stars and their magnetic fields, and could turn into binary MSPs with different scales of orbital periods; this effect can be explained by the AIC process. This scenario also suggests that some fraction of isolated MSPs in the Galactic disk could be formed through the same channel, forming the contribution of some CVs to the single‐degenerate progenitors of Type Ia supernova. Furthermore, we have refined the statistical distribution and evolution by using updated data. This implies that the significant studies of compact objects in binary systems can benefit from the Corbet diagram.Observations of a large population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) show a wide divergence in the orbital periods (from approximately hours to a few months). In the standard view, low‐mass X‐ray binaries (LMXBs) are considered as progenitors for some MSPs during the recycling process. We present a systematic study that combines different types of compact objects in binaries such as cataclysmic variables (CVs), LMXBs, and MSPs. We plot them together in the so called Corbet diagram. Larger and different samples are needed to better constrain the result as a function of the environment and formations. A scale diagram showing the distribution of MSPs for different orbital periods and the aspects for their progenitors re     

地基GPS水汽反演昆明地区加权平均温度的模型建立

本文根据长期的气象探空资料通过数值积分的方法算出每个时次的加权平均温度,然后在此基础上对Bevis回归经验公式进行订正;在加权平均温度模型的建立中,计算公式中系数a、b的求解由计算软件根据最小二乘原理快速结算。最后通过相应的数据模拟计算证明这种方法可以确定出适合昆明本地区的加权平均温度计算模型。     

基于气象水文因子的呼伦湖湿地消长综合模型研究

利用1961-2005年呼伦湖湿地的气象及水文资料, 基于水量平衡方程, 以湿地各年水量盈亏累积量(∑ΔW)为因子, 建立了呼伦湖湿地水域面积和水位高程的消长对气象及水文因子协同作用的响应模型, 分析了湿地水域面积和水位高程的消长对影响因子的响应特征.结果表明:呼伦湖湿地消长对气象及水文因子的年代际变化有很好的响应.年平均气温每增加1 ℃, 湿地水域面积和水位高程分别减少134.5 km²和93.44 cm; 年降水量每增加10 mm, 二者分别增加10.2 km²和7.1 cm; 年蒸发量每增加10 mm, 二者分别减少1.1 km²和0.9 cm; 年径流量每增加1×10⁸m³, 二者分别增加4.8 km²和3.3 cm. 年平均气温的升高和年降水量的减少变化对湿地消减的贡献率分别为13.6%和86.4%, 当前降水量的变化在湿地消长中占主导作用.如果不考虑人类活动的影响, 根据未来较低排放(SRES-B2)情景下气候预测, 初步估算2040、 2070和2100年湿地水域面积将分别减少275.8 km²、 442.8 km²和583.6 km², 水位高程分别下降191.6 cm、 307.6 cm和405.4 cm, 未来气温的变化在湿地消长中占主导作用.呼伦湖湿地在未来暖干化趋势下, 湿地水资源短缺加剧, 湿地水域面积萎缩和水位高程下降将加快.