Remote effects of tropical cyclone wind forcing over the western Pacific on the eastern equatorial ocean

An ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is used to demonstrate remote effects of tropical cyclone wind （TCW） forcing in the tropical Pacific. The signature of TCW forcing is explicitly extracted using a locally weighted quadratic least=squares regression （called as LOESS） method from six-hour satellite surface wind data; the extracted TCW component can then be additionally taken into account or not in ocean modeling, allowing isolation of its effects on the ocean in a clean and clear way. In this paper, seasonally varying TCW fields in year 2008 are extracted from satellite data which are prescribed as a repeated annual cycle over the western Pacific regions off the equator （poleward of 10°N/S）; two long-term OGCM experiments are performed and compared, one with the TCW forcing part included additionally and the other not. Large, persistent thermal perturbations （cooling in the mixed layer （ML） and warming in the thermocline） are induced locally in the western tropical Pacific, which are seen to spread with the mean ocean circulation pathways around the tropical basin. In particular, a remote ocean response emerges in the eastern equatorial Pacific to the prescribed off-equatorial TCW forcing, characterized by a cooling in the mixed layer and a warming in the thermocline. Heat budget analyses indicate that the vertical mixing is a dominant process responsible for the SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Further studies are clearly needed to demonstrate the significance of these results in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling context.     

采用不同样本集合同化地面观测对一次飑线过程的影响

针对夏季黄淮地区一次飑线过程,利用WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式及其Hybrid ETKF-3DVAR同化系统,考察不同生成方案的样本对同化地面观测的影响。集合样本创建方式包括3类:扰动初始背景场的方案 (RCV)、使用不同的物理参数化方案 (PPMP) 以及前两者集成方案 (BLE)。基于增量场分析,同化地面观测主要调整850 hPa以下水平风和水汽混合比的空间结构,其中RCV方案侧重于改变水平风的空间分布,PPMP方案侧重于改变水汽混合比的空间结构,BLE方案兼具二者特征。同化地面观测可以间接改善6 h降水预报,其中PPMP试验的降水预报最好,尤其是对降水位置和强度的预报。对比雷达回波观测,RCV试验和BLE试验对弓状回波模拟得较好,BLE试验的模拟较多体现RCV特征。PPMP试验和RCV试验还可改变冷池的位置和强度,同时影响飑线出现和消亡时间,相对而言,PPMP试验影响更大。     

Benchmarking observational uncertainties for hydrology: rainfall,river discharge and water quality

This review and commentary sets out the need for authoritative and concise information on the expected error distributions and magnitudes in observational data. We discuss the necessary components of a benchmark of dominant data uncertainties and the recent developments in hydrology which increase the need for such guidance. We initiate the creation of a catalogue of accessible information on characteristics of data uncertainty for the key hydrological variables of rainfall, river discharge and water quality (suspended solids, phosphorus and nitrogen). This includes demonstration of how uncertainties can be quantified, summarizing current knowledge and the standard quantitative results available. In particular, synthesis of results from multiple studies allows conclusions to be drawn on factors which control the magnitude of data uncertainty and hence improves provision of prior guidance on those uncertainties. Rainfall uncertainties were found to be driven by spatial scale, whereas river discharge uncertainty was dominated by flow condition and gauging method. Water quality variables presented a more complex picture with many component errors. For all variables, it was easy to find examples where relative error magnitudes exceeded 40%. We consider how data uncertainties impact on the interpretation of catchment dynamics, model regionalization and model evaluation. In closing the review, we make recommendations for future research priorities in quantifying data uncertainty and highlight the need for an improved ‘culture of engagement’ with observational uncertainties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气象因素对倾斜仪观测干扰特征分析

采用常熟台水管仪与垂直摆2009～2015年观测数据,研究了气压、降雨、气温、洞温等因素对地倾斜观测的影响特征。结果表明,降雨对地倾斜观测数据干扰最为显著,表现为NS分量发生南倾,EW分量发生西倾,量级上NS分量受干扰程度比EW分量大,垂直摆受干扰程度比水管仪大;气压变化影响表现为短周期扰动,并导致日值曲线出现短时间畸变;气温及洞温变化影响观测值出现明显的年变规律和年变幅变化,对日观测值影响不明显。     

基于FME实现CAD向GIS数据转换的关键技术研究

针对CAD数据与GIS数据的转换问题,本文探讨了CAD图层与GIS图层对应关系、CAD块转换、CAD注记转换、CAD扩展属性转换和CAD面转换5个技术点,研究成果应用于多个项目中,为实现CAD数据与GIS数据的转换提供了技术思路与技术指导。     

矿产资源潜力评价成果图空间数据库中属性数据质量检查探讨

属性数据是矿产资源潜力评价成果的重要组成部分,从某种意义上说,属性数据质量直接影响矿产资源潜力评价的效果。基于此认识,通过分析属性数据填写的原则、技术要求,提出了采取软件和人工两种方式检查属性数据质量的方法。     

自定义空间数据格式的扩展与应用

针对商业GIS软件缺乏对自定义空间数据格式的支持能力,提出了利用OGR自定义数据源来实现GIS软件对自定义空间数据格式支持。并以ArcGIS平台为例,将OGR数据模型在数据组织、几何模型、属性信息和空间参考信息等方面转换为ArcGIS软件空间数据模型,使ArcGIS具备了访问OGR自定义空间数据格式的能力,实现了自定义空间数据格式的扩展与应用,体现了开源GIS软件和商业GIS软件协同工作能力。     

三重加权变形监测预测模型及应用

针对GM(1,1)建模过程存在背景值、时间因素和初始条件3方面的不足,该文提出三重加权TPGM(1,1)预测模型。通过对背景值进行加权生成新的背景值,建立PGM(1,1)模型;在PGM(1,1)基础上考虑到时间因素,在求解灰参数时进行第2次加权建立DPGM(1,1)模型;最后考虑到初始条件对预测模型的影响,在DPGM(1,1)基础上进行第3次加权,建立TPGM(1,1)模型。通过实例分析,比较GM(1,1)、PGM(1,1)、DPGM(1,1)、TPGM(1,1)4种模型在变形监测数据处理中的拟合和预测结果,表明三重加权TPGM(1,1)模型拟合效果更好、预测精度更高;该模型具有前3种模型的优点,同时弥补了传统GM(1,1)存在的不足。     

利用SIFT与粗差探测进行SAR影像配准

SAR影像特殊的成像机理使得SIFT在SAR影像配准中的错误率较高,加入相干系数的辅助只能在一定程度上削弱SIFT的错误配准。由于仅考虑灰度的配准策略对精度的提高有限,本文将摄影测量中粗差探测和剔除的方法与SIFT算法相结合。在二次多项式平差的过程中,将错误同名点视为粗差,利用粗差剔除的方法提高配准精度。实验证明了此方法的可行性。     

典型气象条件下城市热岛效应逐时变化特征

本文基于上海市典型城市和乡村站2017年逐时气象观测数据,详细分析和深入阐述了晴朗微风、大风、强降水和极端高温等典型气象条件下城市热岛强度逐时变化特征。通过分析上海市微风和极端高温等气象事件长期变化趋势,讨论了城市热岛效应未来变化趋势。伴随日出日落,年平均和微风晴朗条件下城市热岛强度呈现出快速降低—稳定低值—快速增加—稳定高值周期性昼夜变化特征,其中微风晴朗条件下城市热岛强度日内变化可高达7℃,而大风、强降水和高温等极端事件下城市热岛强度呈现出不一样的逐时变化特征。随着风速降低和气候变暖,过去40 a上海市微风和极端高温天气日数呈现快速增加趋势,其势必会加剧上海市城市热岛强度及其不利影响。