Preliminary Study of Sensitive Areas for Several Tropical Cyclone Track Prediction Cases in 2007

Conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) obtained by the ensemble-based calculation method is employed to find possible sensitive areas for improving 48-h or more than 48-h tropical cyclone (TC) track predictions in several cases affecting China in 2007. These sensitive areas are examined by observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Results show that these sensitive areas improve TC track predictions for 48 h or more to different extents. Further analysis is performed to determine the distribution characteristics of sensitive areas in these cases. Results show that areas south of Luzon and over surrounding oceans are significant for 48-h or more than 48-h TC track predictions, especially 60-h to 72-h track predictions. Areas over oceans north or east to Taiwan Island seem to be secondary sensitive for 48-h or more than 48-h TC track predictions.     

东亚春季强冷锋结构及其动力学诊断研究 II. 动力学诊断研究

在本文第I部分对东亚春季强冷锋结构进行分析的基础上，第II部分对该锋面的增强过程作了动力学诊断的研究。通过研究发现:(1)从27日08时至28日20时（北京时，下同），该冷锋处于加强阶段，锋生函数的计算显示，最大锋生区出现在对流层中层，各项的量级相同，但以倾斜项的数值为大；(2)在锋生区的南侧发现有很明显的条件对称不稳定（CSI）区域，这有利于倾斜的对流上升运动的发展，提供了一个较好的强对流系统发展的环境，对冷锋中尺度雨带的形成，CSI的激发可能有重要的作用，然而东亚春季强冷锋的CSI与北美“典型”的CSI有较明显的不同；(3)本例与Hoskins-Bretherton（HB）的理论模型所进行的比较表明，HB模型的结果可说明实际观测到的锋区的基本特征。然而，理论模型中，可能由于采用半地转假设所限，对锋后的一支下沉气流描写较弱，而这支气流对强烈天气的发展可能有重要意义。     

使用不同的天气尺度初值作强对流暴雨预报的差别及其原因

分别用暴雨开始前和暴雨刚开始两个探空时次的天气尺度初值场作1982年6月19～20日鄂东特大暴雨过程的中尺度模拟预报.前者相当成功,后者完全失败.探究其原因说明中尺度数值预报可以用天气尺度初始场的一个重要条件是模式初始时刻在关注的区域及其附近不存在即将造成或已经造成强降水的强中尺度扰动.如若不然,则可能由于模式起转(Spinup)的延误,实际存在的中尺度扰动对天气尺度变化的强大反馈作用不能体现,会使天气尺度的预报从一开始就显著歧离实际,其带来的结果不是中尺度时、空细节的预报误差,而是全区域性的预报失败.这个试验还进一步证实伴随暴雨的强非绝热反馈作用是暖切变型梅雨锋发展和准静止持续乃至周边区域形势维持的最重要的直接因子.     

A study of influencing systems and moisture budget in a heavy rainfall in low latitude plateau in China during early summer

Analysis of a heavy rainfall in a lower latitude plateau and characteristics of water vapor transportation have been conducted by using conventional data and denser surface data. The results show： （1） the heavy rainfall was caused by a series of mesoscale systems under favorable large-scale conditions when the warm moister air and cold air interacted with each other. At the same time, the coupling between the upper- and lower-level jets was revealed. It is also found that there exists some different characteristics among the main influencing systems of heavy rainfalls in Yunnan, such as the Indian-Myanmar trough and the path of the cold air, compared with those in East and South China. （2） The interaction between mesoscale convergence lines near the ground may be a possible triggering mechanism for the occurrence of mesoscale systems, and the dynamical and thermal dynamical structure of the mesoscale systems was very obvious. The convergence lines may relate closely to the terrain of Yunnan, China. （3） The computation of the water vapor budget reveals that the primary source of water vapor supply for heavy rainfall was in the Bay of Bengal. In this case, the water vapor could be transported into Yunnan even though the amount of water vapor was less than that in the lower troposphere in East and South China. In addition, the analysis for three-dimensional air parcel trajectories better revealed and described the source location and the transportation of water vapor to Yunnan.     

影响冬季北太平洋航线设计的天气要素的分析

根据船舶气象导航的原理以及影响航线设计因素的原则，通过对北太平洋冬季爆发性气旋和温带气旋的特征分析以及风场、海浪气候的特点，指出船舶在设计航线时，应根据气候状况、天气形势分析及结合中短期预报设计一条既能充分利用有利的风、浪等因素又能避开大风浪等灾害性天气以达到安全、经济的目的。     

红外云顶亮温在西北太平洋热带气旋强度预报中的应用

应用GMS-5气象卫星红外云顶亮温(TBB)资料,分析西北太平洋的热带气旋(TC)TBB、TBB的对称和非对称分量与滞后0—48h TC强度的相关关系。发现,TC眼墙附近东南侧的TBB、距TC中心半径0.8°—1.7°范围内TBB对称分量和1—10波振幅之和与0—48h的TC强度有很好的负相关关系,与滞后24h的TC强度相关极值分别达到-0.52,-0.59和-0.625。考虑气候持续因子、天气因子及TBB因子,针对1996—2002年西北太平洋远海区域(0°—50°N,120°—155°E)热带风暴(TS)等级以上样本,建立12,24h和48h强度预报方程并进行独立样本检验。结果表明,1.0°—1.5°环域平均的TBB对12h强度预报的方差贡献位居第4,TC东南侧TBB的平均值和1.1°—1.5°范围TBB极大与极小值之差对24h强度预报的方差贡献分列第3和第5位。考虑TBB因子的回归方程对TS和强热带风暴(STS)的强度预报能力有较大提高,对12h内强度减弱15m/s以上TC的12h预报、强度稳定TC的24h预报和强度48h增强10m/s以上TC的48h预报均有所改善。     

用滤波方法进行MαCS云团形态差异的个例分析

利用GMS－5卫星资料, 研究了2002年6月27～28日一次强降雨过程中尺度暴雨云团的演变特征。分析表明, 整个降雨过程分两个阶段, 第一阶段, 一个近圆形中尺度对流云团从西北向东南移动, 主要造成河南省强降雨; 第二阶段, 南移的中尺度对流云团到达长江流域, 重新发展并形成东西向宽带状α中尺度对流系统 (Meso-α-scale Convective System, 简称MαCS) 云团, 造成长江中下游暴雨。为研究这次暴雨过程中尺度对流云团的组织方式演变和结构特征, 使用滤波方法对NCAR/NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料进行尺度分离, 获得中尺度扰动场, 结果表明: (1) 利用改进的Shuman-Shapiro滤波方法, 可以有效地分离出中尺度扰动。对于近圆形的MCS, 低层高度场低中心和流场辐合中心重合, 位于云顶亮温 (Black Body Temperature, 简称TBB) ≤-52℃冷云盖的西侧边缘, 这里也是新生对流活跃的地方, 而高层高度场高中心和流场辐散中心分离, 但都位于冷云盖区域。对于宽带状MαCS, 低层高度场低中心和流场辐合中心也基本重合, 位于TBB≤-52℃冷云盖的北侧边缘, 高层高度场高中心与低层低中心相对应, 但流场在冷云盖中没有表现出单一中心, 却表现为一致辐散气流。 (2) 滤波结果显示, 不论是前期的近圆形中尺度对流云团, 还是随后发展起来的宽带状MαCS, 二者都具有低空辐合高空辐散扰动结构, 只是扰动的强度后者大于前者。 (3) 这次过程的中尺度对流云团表现出的形态演变, 由近圆形变成宽带状, 是因为其组织差异造成的。两者的组织方式完全不同, 前者主要是低层中尺度气旋, 而后者主要是低层的中尺度切变线。     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF TC EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER LAND AND OCEAN

The extratropical transitions(ETs)of tropical cyclones(TCs)over China and the ocean east to 150°E are investigated by the use of best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis spanning 1979-2008.The ET events occurring north of 25°N and in the warm season(from May to October)are extracted from the reanalysis to emphasize the interaction between TC and midlatitude circulation.Statistical analysis shows that 18.5%of the warm-season TCs go through land ETs north of 25°N in the western North Pacific.And 20.5%of the ET events occur over the ocean east of 150°E.Most(62.2%)ET TCs over China gradually die out after ET,but more(70.7%)ocean ET cases have post-ET reintensification.The evolutions in cyclone phase space and the composite fields for land and ocean ETs,as well as the ET cases with and without post-ET reintensification,are further analyzed.It is found that most TCs with ET over China and those without post-ET reintensification evolve along the typical ET phase path as follows:emergence of thermal asymmetry→losing upper-level warm core→losing lower-level cold core→evolving as extratropical cyclone.The TCs undergoing ETs over ocean and those with post-ET reintensification form a high-level cold core before the ET onset.The TCs with land ET have long distance between the landing TC and a high-level trough.That makes the TC maintain more tropical features and isolates the TC flow from the upstream and downstream jets of the midlatitude trough.The structure of circulation leads to weak development of baroclinicity in land ET.On the contrary,shorter distance between ocean TC and high-level trough makes the high-level trough absorb the TC absolutely.Under that baroclinicity-favorable environment,strong cold advection makes the TC lose its high-level warm core before ET onset.The composite fields confirm that the TC with ocean ET has stronger baroclinic features.Generally,the TC at land ET onset is located to the south of the ridge of the subtropical high,which tends to prevent the TCs from interacting with midlatitude circulation.But for the ocean ET,the situation is just the opposite.Similar analyses are also carried out for the TCs with and without post-ET reintensification over both land and ocean east of 150°E.The results further prove that the TC with stronger baroclinic characteristics,especially in the circumstance favorable to its interaction with high-level midlatitude systems,has more opportunity to reintensify as an extratropical cyclone after ET.     

一次飑线过程的雷达回波分析与数值模拟

2003年4月12日, 一条飑线袭击了江西、福建、浙江三省, 所到之处出现冰雹、大风等强烈天气, 这次过程强度强, 影响范围大, 三省交界及附近区域有二十多个测站出现冰雹、大风, 冰雹直径有的达3 cm以上, 最大风速达32 m/s。该文利用建阳新一代天气雷达探测到的回波以及中尺度非静力数值模式 (MM5) 对这次过程进行数值模拟, 分析此次强对流过程。结果表明:雷达回波显示出飑线的带状强回波, 线状回波上呈现波型特征; 在数值模拟结果中看到在系统发生的带状区域内有多个中尺度涡旋存在, 在飑线内有中尺度涡旋簇和弓形回波。     

云迹风在热带气旋路径数值预报中的应用研究

通过一系列四维变分同化试验对GMS5卫星资料反演的云迹风资料在西北太平洋热带气旋的初始化及路径数值预报中的作用进行研究,同化资料为中国国家卫星气象中心提供的GMS5水汽和红外云迹风资料,其中70%在400hPa以上,50%集中在200～300hPa。应用美国NCAR/PSU中尺度模式MM5及其四维变分同化系统,同化窗口为6h,对初始时刻和6h后的云迹风进行同化。同化前对云迹风资料进行了简单的类似ECMWF初值检验方法的质量控制。对2002年8个西北太平洋热带气旋共进行了22组试验。结果表明,采用四维变分同化技术同化云迹风对热带气旋路径预报有一定改善,12,24,36和48h预报的平均距离误差分别降低5%,12%,10%和7%,但同化云迹风的作用与初始气旋强度有关。选择初始中心海平面气压960hPa作为强、弱气旋的分类标准,则11个较强气旋平均路径误差12h减小了13%,12h以后的预报误差减小率维持在20%以上。而对于11个较弱气旋,平均路径误差反而略有增加,说明同化云迹风资料对不同初始强度的气旋作用也有所不同。其主要原因是由于强度较强的热带气旋往往具有较为深厚的垂直结构,因此受高层大气流场的影响更明显;同时,较弱热带气旋的云迹风观测相对稀少且凌乱,并且更容易受环境气流的影响,因此对于较弱的热带气旋,当模式变量与模式或变量之间在同化后不够协调的话,就会产生负效应。