越赤道气流准双周振荡对西北太平洋台风路径的调制作用

利用美国联合台风预警中心（Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC）热带气旋（tropicalcy—clone,TC）数据、NCEP／NCAR再分析风场资料,研究了越赤道气流准双周振荡对西北太平洋台风路径的调制作用。将西北太平洋台风路径划分为：西行路径、西北行路径、转向登陆中国路径、转向中日之间路径、转向登陆日本路径、转向日本以东路径和140°E以东路径。利用超前滞后回归方法,合成分析了6—10月不同路径台风对应的越赤道气流准双周振荡的低频环流演变过程。结果表明,925hPa越赤道气流及与其相联系的经向风存在明显10～20d准双周振荡现象,且对西北太平洋台风路径预报具有一定的指示作用。在西太平洋赤道地区,低频越赤道气流强度、演变特征影响着西北太平洋低频气旋的位置和移动方向,调节风场强辐合带与季风槽的位置与强度,继而对台风生成位置、移动路径产生重要的影响。初步认为,强向北低频越赤道气流分量有利于北侧低频气旋加强和向北传播,继而使得强辐合带、季风槽位置偏北,台风易于在此区域生成且沿着强辐合带位置移动。而弱向北低频分量或向南低频分量则不利于台风转向移动。     

福建热带气旋风雨空间分布特征及风险评估

根据1961—2010年热带气旋资料,按登陆地段或移动路径将登陆影响福建的热带气旋分为11种路径,分析各种路径的致灾因子空间分布特征,结果表明:热带气旋雨灾最严重的区域位于北部和中部沿海,风灾最严重的是南部沿海;从路径来看,降水强度最强是登台入闽北路径,强风区域最大的是直接登陆闽南路径和登台入闽中部路径,风力最强的是登台入闽南路径。采用相关系数客观赋权法建立了致灾因子风险评估模型,分析不同热带气旋路径致灾因子风险等级,登台入闽中和登台入闽北路径风险最大,其次是直接登陆闽南和登陆珠江口及以东路径;高风险区域 (包括次高危险和高危险区) 集中在沿海地区、闽西和闽北的局部。     

滇南飑线的发生环境及其多普勒雷达回波特征

通过对NCEP资料、常规气象资料和CIND3830-CC多普勒雷达观测资料的统计分析,归纳出滇南普洱市2004—2009年18次飑线发生前的天气形势及物理量场特征、飑线的时间分布特征、飑线的移动路径等。总结了飑线在多普勒雷达图上的基本结构、飑线中强对流单体的基本反射率特征、径向速度特征及天气对应关系,并分析飑线中回波单体的结构与灾害天气类型的对应关系、垂直液态水含量(VIL)的变化与飑线中冰雹的相关关系等。根据灾害类型和飑线中单体的结构将飑线分为5种类型,对飑线的短时临近预报有指导作用。     

一次快速发展气旋导致的沙尘暴天气过程的初步分析

文章概述了我国北方地区春季沙尘天气的特征,并对影响沙尘暴的天气气候背景、单站地面气象要素、环流形势、冷空气的强度及影响路径、沙尘暴的起沙源地、影响时间和范围等进行了分析。结果表明:此过程是蒙古气旋强烈发展所致。巴丹吉林沙漠和浑善达克沙地是沙尘暴的主要沙尘源区;蒙古气旋的爆发性发展和冷锋后大风是起沙的主要动力;在高空急流出口区左侧,气流辐散强迫形成干对流上升气流,该上升气流与湍流输送是沙尘向高空输送的动力机制。     

2008年“7.1”鄂东北特大暴雨过程的中尺度分析

利用常规气象资料、新一代雷达和卫星云图资料等,分析了2008年7月1日鄂东北特大暴雨过程中尺度扰动系统的发生发展、暴雨中尺度对流系统（MCS）结构特征以及地形对中尺度系统的影响。结果表明,鄂东北暴雨与中尺度气旋的发生发展关系密切,红安等地特大暴雨就是中尺度气旋波冷切变上激发的多个β中尺度对流系统相继东移产生的;中尺度气旋形成于黄淮锋面气旋波发展阶段,雷达反射率因子形态、结构特征较好地反映了该中尺度气旋波发展过程;对流易在红安西侧加强,同冷空气沿大别山和桐柏山之间南下与天气尺度西南气流交汇形成局地中尺度辐合线有关;红外云图上特大暴雨MCS形态为指状云团,由不同生命史阶段的子云团构成,是产生持续性强降水的云团的显著特征。     

STATISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MCSS OVER ASIA AND WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are severe disaster-producing weather systems. Previous attempts of MCS census are made by examining infrared satellite imageries artificially, with subjectivity involved in the process unavoidably. This method is also inefficient and time-consuming. The disadvantages make it impossible to do MCS census over Asia and western Pacific region (AWPR) with an extended span of time, which is not favorable for gaining a deeper insight into these systems. In this paper, a fire-new automatic MCS identification (AMI) method is used to capture four categories of MCSs with different sizes and shapes from numerical satellite infrared data. 47,468 MCSs are identified over Asia and western Pacific region during the warm season (May to October) from 1995 to 2008. Based on this database, MCS characteristics such as shape, size, duration, velocity, geographical distribution, intermonthly variation, and lifecycle are studied. Results indicate that the number of linear MCSs is 2.5 times that of circular MCSs. The former is of a larger size while the latter is of a longer duration. The 500 hPa steering flow plays an important role in the MCS movement. MCSs tend to move faster after they reach the maximum extent. Four categories of MCS have similar characteristics of geographical distribution and intermonthly variation. Basically, MCSs are zonally distributed, with three zones weakening from south to north. The intermonthly variation of MCSs is related to the seasonal adjustment of the large-scale circulation. As to the MCSs over China, they have different lifecycle characteristics over different areas. MCSs over plateaus and hill areas, with only one peak in their lifecycle curves, tend to form in the afternoon, mature at nightfall, and dissipate at night. On the other hand, MCSs over plains, which have several peaks in their lifecycle curves, may form either in the afternoon or at night, whereas MCSs over the oceans tend to form at midnight. Affected by the sea-land breeze circulation, MCSs over coastal areas of Guangdong and Guangxi always come into being at about 1500 or 1600 (local time), while MCSs over the Sichuan Basin, affected by the mountain-valley breeze circulation, generally initiate nocturnally.     

INTENSITY CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AS REVEALED BY THREE DIFFERENT DATASETS

Analyzed in this paper are the 20-yr(1991-2010)tropical cyclone(TC)intensity from three forecast centers in the Western North Pacific,i.e.China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA),and Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)of the United States.Results show that there is more or less discrepancy in the intensity change of a TC among different datasets.The maximum discrepancy reaches 22 hPa/6h(42 hPa/6h,33 hPa/6h)between CMA and JMA(CMA and JTWC,JMA and JTWC).Special attention is paid to the records for abrupt intensity change,which is currently a difficult issue for forecasters globally.It is found that an abrupt intensity change process recorded by one dataset can have,in some extreme cases,intensity change in another dataset varying from 0 to≥10 hPa/6h with the same sign or the opposite sign.In a total of 2511 cases experiencing rapid intensity change,only 14%have consensus among all the three datasets and 25%have agreement between two of the three datasets.In spite of such a significant uncertainty,the three datasets agree on the general statistical characteristics of abrupt intensity change,including regional and seasonal distribution,the relationship with initial intensity and TC moving speed,and persistence features.Notable disagreement is on very strong systems(SuperTY)and TCs moving very fast.     

IMPACT OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE AND INTENSITY CHANGE

In this paper,the effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone(TC)structure and intensity variation are evaluated through numerical simulations using an advanced sea-spray parameterization from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory(NOAA/ESRL),which is incorporated in the idealized Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW)model.The effect of sea spray on TC boundary-layer structure is also analyzed.The results show that there is a significant increase in TC intensity when its boundary-layer wind includes the radial and tangential winds,their structure change,and the total surface wind speed change.Diagnosis of the vorticity budget shows that an increase of convergence in TC boundary layer enhances TC vorticity due to the dynamic effect of sea spay.The main kinematic effect of the friction velocity reduction by sea spray produces an increment of large-scale convergence in the TC boundary layer,while the radial and tangential winds significantly increase with an increment of the horizontal gradient maximum of the radial wind, resulting in a final increase in the simulated TC intensity.The surface enthalpy flux enlarges TC intensity and reduces storm structure change to some degree,which results in a secondary thermodynamic impact on TC intensification.Implications of the new interpretation of sea-spray effects on TC intensification are also discussed.     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF TC EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER LAND AND OCEAN

The extratropical transitions(ETs)of tropical cyclones(TCs)over China and the ocean east to 150°E are investigated by the use of best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis spanning 1979-2008.The ET events occurring north of 25°N and in the warm season(from May to October)are extracted from the reanalysis to emphasize the interaction between TC and midlatitude circulation.Statistical analysis shows that 18.5%of the warm-season TCs go through land ETs north of 25°N in the western North Pacific.And 20.5%of the ET events occur over the ocean east of 150°E.Most(62.2%)ET TCs over China gradually die out after ET,but more(70.7%)ocean ET cases have post-ET reintensification.The evolutions in cyclone phase space and the composite fields for land and ocean ETs,as well as the ET cases with and without post-ET reintensification,are further analyzed.It is found that most TCs with ET over China and those without post-ET reintensification evolve along the typical ET phase path as follows:emergence of thermal asymmetry→losing upper-level warm core→losing lower-level cold core→evolving as extratropical cyclone.The TCs undergoing ETs over ocean and those with post-ET reintensification form a high-level cold core before the ET onset.The TCs with land ET have long distance between the landing TC and a high-level trough.That makes the TC maintain more tropical features and isolates the TC flow from the upstream and downstream jets of the midlatitude trough.The structure of circulation leads to weak development of baroclinicity in land ET.On the contrary,shorter distance between ocean TC and high-level trough makes the high-level trough absorb the TC absolutely.Under that baroclinicity-favorable environment,strong cold advection makes the TC lose its high-level warm core before ET onset.The composite fields confirm that the TC with ocean ET has stronger baroclinic features.Generally,the TC at land ET onset is located to the south of the ridge of the subtropical high,which tends to prevent the TCs from interacting with midlatitude circulation.But for the ocean ET,the situation is just the opposite.Similar analyses are also carried out for the TCs with and without post-ET reintensification over both land and ocean east of 150°E.The results further prove that the TC with stronger baroclinic characteristics,especially in the circumstance favorable to its interaction with high-level midlatitude systems,has more opportunity to reintensify as an extratropical cyclone after ET.     

梅雨锋上MCS的发展、传播以及与低层"湿度锋"相关联的CISK惯性重力波

采用一个包含简单积云对流参数化的线性模式讨论在长江流域相当正压性质的梅雨锋上,贯穿整个对流层的深厚惯性重力波的发生、传播和频散性质.结果表明,与积云对流加热场有最密切关系的低层湿度条件及其水平分布不均匀性质都对扰动的波速和稳定度有重要影响,最有利出现不稳定发展的地方是在"低层湿度锋区"南界附近,因此这里是中尺度对流系统(MCS)的活跃地带.关于频散性质的分析表明,能允许群速度大于相速度的低层湿度条件及其水平分布的特征值范围比较宽.而在上述稳定度接近中性的条件下最有利于出现沿"湿度锋区"轴向的上、下游效应.这个结果也许能很好地解释:在梅雨锋上,恰恰是当一个旺盛的MCS达到顶点而开始趋向衰减时,在它的上、下游很快发展起新的MCS,新、旧MCS一起形成"云团波串"这样一个重要而有趣的观测事实.