Detecting Arctic snow and ice cover with FY-1D global data

Chinese meteorological satellite FY-1D can obtain global data from four spectral channels which include visible channel(0.58-0.68 μm) and infrared channels(0.84-0.89 μm,10.3-11.3 μm,11.5-12.5 μm).2366 snow and ice samples,2024 cloud samples,1602 land samples and 1648 water samples were selected randomly from Arctic imageries.Land and water can be detected by spectral features.Snow-ice and cloud can be classified by textural features.The classifier is Bayes classifier.By synthesizing five d ays classifying result of Arctic snow and ice cover area,complete Arctic snow and ice cover area can be obtained.The result agrees with NOAA/NESDIS IMS products up to 70%.     

Climate variability,snow, and physiographic controls on storm hydrographs in small forested basins,western Cascades,Oregon

Large floods are often attributed to the melting of snow during a rain event. This study tested how climate variability, snowpack presence, and basin physiography were related to storm hydrograph shape in three small (<1 km²) basins with old‐growth forest in western Oregon. Relationships between hydrograph characteristics and precipitation were tested for approximately 800 storms over a nearly 30‐year period. Analyses controlled for (1) snowpack presence/absence, (2) antecedent soil moisture, and (3) hillslope length and gradient. For small storms (<150 mm precipitation), controlling for precipitation, the presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil increased the threshold of precipitation before hydrograph rise, extended the start lag, centroid lag, and duration of storm hydrographs, and increased the peak discharge. The presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil sped up and steepened storm hydrographs in a basin with short steep slopes, but delayed storm hydrographs in basins with longer or more gentle slopes. Hydrographs of the largest events, which were extreme regional rain and rain‐on‐snow floods, were not sensitive to landform characteristics or snowpack presence/absence. Although the presence of a snowpack did not increase peak discharge in small, forested basins during large storms, it had contrasting effects on storm timing in small basins, potentially synchronizing small basin contributions to the larger basin hydrograph during large rain‐on‐snow events. By altering the relative timing of hydrographs, snowpack melting could produce extreme floods from precipitation events whose size is not extreme. Further work is needed to examine effects of canopy openings, snowpack, and climate warming on extreme rain‐on‐snow floods at the large basin scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Land management impacts on runoff sources in small Amazon watersheds

Forest clearing and conversion to cattle pasture in the lowland Amazon region has been linked to soil compaction and increased soil water storage, which combine to diminish soil infiltration, enhance quick lateral flows and increase the stream flow response to precipitation. Quantifying the importance of quick surficial flow in response to this land use change requires identification of water sources within catchments that contribute to stream flow. Using an end member mixing analysis approach, potential contributing sources of stream flow were evaluated during an entire rainy season in a forest and a pasture watershed drained by ephemeral‐to‐intermittent streams in the south‐western Amazon. Water yield was 17% of precipitation in the pasture and 0·8% of precipitation in the forest. During the early rainy season, throughfall, groundwater, and soil water contributed 79%, 18%, and 3%, respectively, to total forest stream flow. Over the entire rainy season, throughfall, groundwater, and shallow soil water provided 57%, 24%, and 19%, respectively, of stream flow. In the pasture watershed, overland flow dominated stream flow both in the early (67%) and late (57%) rainy season, with a mean contribution of 60% overland flow, 35% groundwater, and 5% soil water. The uncertainty associated with those estimates was studied using a Monte Carlo approach. In addition to large changes in total surface flow, marked differences were found in the proportions of total stream flow in the second half of the rainy season between the forest and pasture watershed. These results suggest that (1) there is great potential for alteration of the hydrological budgets of larger watersheds as the proportion of deforested land in the Amazon increases, and (2) as more rainfall is diverted into fast flowpaths to streams in established pastures, the potential to deliver water with higher solute concentrations generated by erosion or by bypassing sites of solute removal increases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SuperMap的济南市房屋安全管理云设计与实现

以济南市房屋安全管理云的整体设计与实现为研究内容,充分论述了该项目的建设目标、架构设计、建设内容和创新点,建设过程中广泛的引入了大数据、云计算、三维实景测量等先进技术手段,运用SuperMap系列GIS软件进行开发设计,为房屋安全管理模式的创新提供了有效的技术保障,为智慧房管建设提供了有益的探索和实践。     

基于点云投影线探测的高墩位姿自动检测方法

针对目前超高桥墩垂直度检测方法存在危险系数较高、精度难以保证或自动化程度与工作效率较低的情况,本文提出一种基于三维激光扫描技术的点云数据超高桥墩位姿自动检测方法。该方法首先将海量墩面点云双向分层;然后依条件选择分层文件探测点云投影线并划分桥墩面缓冲区;最后根据缓冲区自动提取墩面点云并进行位姿检测。本文以某山区高速桥梁高墩位姿检测为例进行试验,试验结果,表明该方法具有无接触测量、高自动化、高工作效率及检测范围全面的优势。     

基于车载激光点云的高精地图矢量化成图

针对车载激光点云中对各特征物提取结果后矢量化成图时的自动化问题,本文基于双方向积分法实现了边缘检测及矢量化成图,旨在保证特征物基本特征的同时,也保证点云的绝对精度。将输入的特征点云进行离群点过滤,以保证外包框算法特征点云的准确度;将三维点云按照外包框算法投影至最优平面,为后续沿各方向积分提供输入;利用八邻域KD-tree算法求出样本特征点云的均值邻域半径,依据邻域半径对各方向积分提供积分域中的微分元;根据提供的微分元沿各方向进行积分,在该积分元内找到距平面最值的最优解;按照积分结果构建点云索引,并根据点云特征构建模型,最终得到高精地图的矢量化点云。试验证明了该方法在处理实际问题时的可行性。     

三维点云在轨道板快速检测中的应用

针对现有的CRTSⅢ型轨道板检测方法效率低下、设备组装复杂、部分还需人工操作等不足,基于三维点云数据实现了轨道板外形尺寸的高精度快速检测。利用轨道板标准三维模型建立相关检测特征,在完成轨道板三维点云数据相关预处理后,将点云数据精确配准至标准三维模型,利用模型上已建立的特征拟合计算轨道板表面点云数据的检测特征,获得轨道板各检测指标的测量值;计算测量值与标准三维模型设计尺寸之间的偏差,从而实现轨道板外形尺寸的快速检测。实验表明,与常规的检测手段相比,该方法具有检测精度高、速度快、检测结果稳定可靠、检测项目齐全等优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

三维激光扫描技术点云数据采集与配准研究

点云数据采集与配准的精度决定了建筑物三维建模的精度。围绕建筑物点云数据采集与配准的精度问题,分别采用基于标靶的模式、基于形状匹配的模式和基于测站后视的模式进行建筑物表面点云数据的采集与配准处理,并从配准精度、特征点、特征边3个方面进行了对比分析。结果表明,基于形状匹配的模式的精度较低,其他两种模式克服了"同名点"的问题,在配准精度上有明显优势;而在数据采集与配准整体效率方面,基于测站后视的模式优于其他两种模式。     

智慧城市时空大数据云平台建设探讨

随着社会经济及城市建设的不断发展,建立智慧城市成为城市转型与国家可持续发展的有力举措。智慧城市时空大数据云平台具备数据获取、挖掘分析、时空数据服务等能力,为智慧城市的智能化带来可能。本文分析了传统智慧城市存在的问题,阐述了大数据时代智慧城市建设的技术路线及关键技术等方面的内容。     

适应任意形状铁路隧道LiDAR点云的断面差异分析方法

针对三维激光扫描技术在铁路隧道超欠挖分析和收敛分析等应用中如何能对任意形状隧道LiDAR点云进行断面差异分析的关键问题,本文提出了一种适应任意形状铁路隧道LiDAR点云的断面差异分析方法。该方法先建立铁路隧道设计断面统一模型,提出实测断面点与设计要素对应关系判定方法,对从隧道LiDAR点云中提取出的断面在铁路隧道设计断面统一模型中逐点确定所对应的设计要素,并计算出断面在对应设计要素上的径向投影点到设定的起算高程面与设计断面左侧交点的弧长,根据弧长对断面进行排序,最后根据设定的采样步长对有序的断面进行采样得到实测断面,进而计算出实测断面相较于设计断面的偏差量。通过3组具有代表性的不同断面隧道模拟点云数据对提出的算法参数最佳取值进行试验,试验结果不仅给出了算法参数的最佳取值,也论证了本方法可以对任意形状铁路隧道LiDAR点云进行断面差异分析。