Thermal surface characteristics of coal fires 1 results of in-situ measurements

Natural underground coal fires are fires in coal seams occurring subsurface. The fires are ignited through a process named spontaneous combustion, which occurs based on a natural reaction but is usually triggered through human interaction. Coal mining activities expose coal to the air. This leads to the exothermal oxidation of the carbon in the coal with the air's oxygen to CO₂ and – under certain circumstances – to spontaneous combustion. Coal fires occur in many countries world wide – however, currently the Chinese coal mining industry faces the biggest problems with coal fires. Coal fires destroy the valuable resource coal and furthermore lead to many environmental degradation phenomena such as the deterioration of surrounding vegetation, land subsidence and the emission of toxic gasses (CO, N₂O). They additionally contribute to the emission of green house relevant gasses such as CO₂ and CH₄ to the atmosphere.In this paper we present thermal characteristics of coal fires as measured in-situ during a field campaign to the Wuda coal fire area in south-central Inner Mongolia, China. Thermal characteristics include temperature anomaly measurements at the surface, spatial surface temperature profiles of fire areas and unaffected background areas, diurnal temperature profiles, and temperature measurements inside of coal fire induced cracks in the overlying bedrock. For all the measurements the effects of uneven solar heating through influences of slope and aspect are considered.Our findings show that coal fires result in strong or subtle thermal surface anomalies. Especially the latter can easily be influenced by heating of the surrounding background material through solar influences. Temperature variation of background rocks with different albedo, slope, aspect or vegetation cover can substantially influence the detectability of thermal anomalies. In the worst case coal fire related thermal anomalies can be completely masked by solar patterns during the daytime. Thus, night-time analysis is the most suitable for thermal anomaly mapping of underground coal fires, although this is not always feasible. The heat of underground coal fires only progresses very slowly through conduction in the rock material. Anomalies of coal fires completely covered by solid unfractured bedrock are very weak and were only measured during the night. The thermal pattern of underground coal fires manifested on the surface during the daytime is thus the pattern of cracks and vents, which occur due to the volume loss underground and which support radiation and convective energy transport of hot gasses. Inside coal fire temperatures can hardly be measured and can only be recorded if the glowing coal is exposed through a wider crack in the overlaying bedrock. Direct coal fire temperatures measured ranged between 233 °C and 854 °C. The results presented can substantially support the planning of thermal mapping campaigns, analyses of coal fire thermal anomalies in remotely sensed data, and can provide initial and boundary conditions for coal fire related numerical modeling.In a second paper named “Thermal Characteristics of Coal Fires 2: results of measurements on simulated coal fires” [Zhang J., Kuenzer C., Tetzlaff A., Oettl D., Zhukov B., Wagner W., 2007. Thermal Characteristics of Coal Fires 2: Result of measurements on simulated coal fires. Accepted for publication at Journal of Applied Geophysics. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2007.08.003] we report about thermal characteristics of simulated coal fires simulated under simplified conditions. The simulated set up allowed us to measure even more parameters under undisturbed conditions — especially inside fire temperatures. Furthermore we could demonstrate the differences between open surface coal fires and covered underground coal fires. Thermal signals of coal fires in near range thermal remotely sensed imagery from an observing tower and from an airplane are presented and discussed.     

龙门山断裂带测区古构造残余应力随深度分布及带中残余能量

以岩体正交异性弹性理论为基础，用Ｘ射线法，在龙门山断裂带测区，选取３个小区深钻孔系列的岩心，测量了岩体中宏观残余应力场的水平和铅直三维主分量、水平和铅直最大剪应力，及其应变能密度随深度的分布，分析了它们沿深度的分布规律，估算了该断裂带岩体中储存的宏观残余弹性应变能的量级     

Evaluating Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Hazard at the Basin Scale Through Gis in the Upper Sele River Valley

To evaluate techniques for assessing earthquake-triggeredlandslide hazard in the Southern Apennines (Italy), a GIS-based analysis was used to modelseismically induced slope deformations. Geological, geotechnical, geomorphological and seismologicaldata were integrated into a standard earthquake slope stability model. The model assessed thelandslide potential that existed during the 1980 Irpinian earthquake in the Upper Sele river Valley.The standard Newmark displacement analysis, widely used for predicting the location of shallowunstable slopes, does not take into account errors and/or uncertainties in the input parameters.Therefore, a probabilistic Newmark displacement analysis technique has been used. Probabilistictechniques allow, e.g., an estimation of the probability that a slope will exceed a certain criticalvalue of Newmark displacement. In our probabilistic method, a Monte-Carlo based simulation modelis used in conjunction with a GIS. The random variability of geotechnical data is modelled by probabilitydensity functions (pdfs), while for the seismic input three different regression laws wereconsidered. Input probability distributions are sampled and the resulting values input into empiricalrelations for estimating Newmark displacement. The outcome is a map in which to each siteis related a spatial probability distribution for the expected displacement in response to seismic loading.Results of the experiments show a high grade of uncertainty in the application of the Newmarkanalysis both for the deterministic and probabilistic approach in a complex geological setting suchas the high Sele valley, quite common in the Southern Apennines. They show a strong dependence onthe reliability of the spatial data used in input, so that, when the model is used at basin scale,results are strongly influenced by local environmental condition (e.g., topography, lithology, groundwatercondition) and decrease the model performance.     

并矢相关谱分析方法在非线性资料分析中的应用

本文利用到率并矢相关谱估计方法,对青岛月平均气温（1896年1月—1992年12月）足赤道局部地区日表层水温（0°±0．5°S,165°±0．5°E;1986年12月6日—1991年11月16日）进行了谱分析,结果表明：青岛气温除具有1年周期的主频振荡和二倍峰频处0．5年周期二阶非线性耦合效应外,还隐含有2年周期的低频耦合振荡及0．4年周期的高频耦合振荡;赤道局部地区日表层水温含有90天,63天,50天,40天和29天等几个主要的低频周期振荡。     

The separation of the influence of nutrients and climate on the varve time-series of baldeggersee, Switzerland

The varve data-set from a freeze-core taken in the deepest part of Baldeggersee was subjected to different multivariate statistical analyses in order to estimate the amount of variance in the varve thickness measures explicable by past climate and by the trophic state of the lake. A comparison of two different time-periods (1902 to1992 versus 1920 to 1980) revealed that the lake restoration programme since 1982 has had a significant impact on the formation of the seasonal layers. Results of the partitioning of the variance in the varve thickness measures showed that about two thirds of the variance are unexplained by a climate and trophic state model and that trophic state explains 6%, whereas climate accounts for about 28% of the variance before the effect of lake restoration had a strong impact on the varves. Among the climate parameters the amount of annual precipitation is a strong predictor for explaining the thickness of both dark layer and total couplet thickness, whereas summer precipitation is important for the thickness of the light layer.     

河北昌黎地震台地电阻率异常分析

河北昌黎台地电阻率EW测道2017年6-8月出现快速下降变化,经检测,观测系统工作正常。通过环境调研和辅助资料对比分析,发现该变化与降雨和粉丝厂干扰有一定关系。采用褶积滤波法去掉降雨干扰,EW测道地电阻率仍为下降趋势,说明该下降变化不能完全用降雨来解释,不排除是地震前异常变化的可能。     

安庆4.8级地震序列的地震波谱变化研究

采用安徽区域数字地震台网记录的安庆4.8级地震序列波形资料,开展地震波谱研究,求取了零频位移谱值、应力降和地震矩等震源参数。分析了纵、横波零频谱值比和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数之间的关系。结果表明,安庆4.8级主震后,纵、横波零频位移谱值比和应力降呈现一定的变化规律,可为主震—余震序列的最大余震的预测提供一定的参考依据,同时发现震源参数与震级有一定相关。     

景洪5.1,5.5级地震地下水动态预报启示

本动态追踪了１９９７年景兴５．１、５．５级中强震的孕震－发震的整个过程,异常阶段属性清楚,异常发展层次分明,有动态感,过程清晰完整,表明中强地震亦有孕震过程。震前异常阶段的属性和异常的准同步是地震预测的主要依据。跟踪各类异常,掌握地震孕育发展的进程,把握时机有可能预报一些地震。本是“八五”、“九五”攻关成果运用的结果之一。     

基于大型科研基础设施共享的区域创新网络研究——以山东省为例

在产业革命和科技革命的背景下,创新在区域发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用,网络化创新模式成为当下创新的主流模式之一.基于创新网络视角,利用大型科研仪器共享大数据,对山东省创新网络的空间特征和主体特征进行分析,研究发现:山东省创新网络在形态上呈现出以济南为创新核心辐射带动济宁和淄博等周边边缘城市发展,同时形成东部青岛、威海和...     

中国“出口世界工厂”的效率格局演变

中国制造业已形成了工业制成品和加工贸易出口为主的“世界工厂”模式,该种模式的特征为依托低廉劳动力、附加值低的粗放型增长。选取2000~2013年中国出口世界工厂模式的资源、人力、资本投入及出口、经济和环境产出指标,对全国及分省的出口世界工厂模式效率进行了数据包络分析（DEA）测度。结果发现,2000~2013年,全国及分省的出口世界工厂模式效率整体有所提高,但受金融危机影响,2008年以后效率出现了波动。非DEA有效的年份及区域,其成因主要包括资源环境、人力资本的投入冗余;加工出口、环境产出冗余。未来随着世界市场低迷、部分产业产能过剩、人口红利的逐渐消失、资源环境的压力增大,加工产品出口的世界工厂模式亟需转型。转型发展的关键举措包括增强自主创新能力,加快产业结构调整等。