Are There Differences in the Response of Natural Stand and Plantation Biomass to Changes in Temperature and Precipitation? A Case for Two-needled Pines in Eurasia

A comparative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including in terms of their productivity and stability, began from the moment of the first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context of the progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations due to deforestation, the question of how will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with artificial ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needled pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the single-tree biomass structure of forest-forming species of Eurasia, in particular, data of 1880 and 1967 of natural and plantation trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models are calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean January temperature and mean annual precipitation, and their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground and stem biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and plantation trees increases as the January temperature and precipitation rise. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches biomass, and it has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of plantation trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percent of this excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January temperatures, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. A number of uncertainties that arose during the modeling process, as well as the preliminary nature of the obtained regularities, are noted.     

Feasibility Comparison of Reanalysis Data from NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ in the Himalayas

Mt. Everest is often referred to as the earth＇s ＇third＇ pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 2005, an automatic weather station was operated at North Col （28°1′ 0.95＂ N, 86°57′ 48.4＂ E, 6523 m a.s.l.） of Mt. Everest. Based on the observational data, this paper compares the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR （hereafter NCEP-Ⅰ） and NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ （NCEP- Ⅱ）, in order to understand which reanalysis data are more suitable for the high Himalayas with Mr. Everest region. When comparing with those from the other levels, pressure interpolated from 500 hPa level is closer to the observation and can capture more synoptic-scale variability, which may be due to the very complex topography around Mt. Everest and the intricately complicated orographic land-atmosphereocean interactions. The interpolation from both NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ daily minimum temperature and daily mean pressure can capture most synopticscale variability （r〉0.82, n=83, p〈0.001）. However, there is difference between NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ reanalysis data because of different model parameterization. Comparing with the observation, the magnitude of variability was underestimated by 34.1%, 28.5 % and 27.1% for NCEP-Ⅰ temperature and pressure, and NCEP-Ⅱ pressure, respectively, while overestimated by 44.5 % for NCEP-Ⅱ temperature. For weather events interpolated from the reanalyzed data, NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ show the same features that weather events interpolated from pressure appear at the same day as those from the observation, and some events occur one day ahead, while most weather events and NCEP-Ⅱ temperature interpolated from NCEP-Ⅰ happen one day ahead of those from the observation, which is much important for the study on meteorology and climate changes in the region, and is very valuable from the view of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest.     

基于空间化技术对中国近50年平均气温时空演变特征的研究

结合GIS空间化技术,对中国近50年平均气温数据进行定量化的分析,并分析其时空演变规律。采用空间化气候值 年际距平空间插值法生成中国1951—2001年分辨率为10 km×10 km的年、季平均气温空间化数据,通过对近50年空间化数据的分析,认为近50年中,年、季的全国平均气温都表现出显著增温趋势,冬季增幅最大,为0.313℃/10a,夏季增幅最小,为0.152℃/10a,年平均气温增幅为0.208℃/10a。1980年代中期以后增温趋势更加明显。从空间分布看,我国西南地区及西藏东南部和新疆西天山中段在不同季节都是主要的降温区域,而北方大部和西藏中西部地区在不同季节都表现为较强的增温趋势,我国东南地区在不同季节温度变化并不稳定,增温或降温的幅度都很小。暖冬事件在北方发生比较频繁,四川及云南部分地区较少,全国发生面积呈逐渐增大的趋势,增幅为国土面积的8.6%/10a。冷夏在新疆南部、西藏西北部和东南部以及江淮一带发生次数较多,辽宁南部、新疆沙漠地区、西藏中部、青海东部、四川大部分地区以及长江以南广大地区最少。全国发生冷夏的面积不断减小,50年平均减幅约为国土面积的5.8%/10a。     

雷达估测降水集成方法及其效果比较

本文利用主特征提取法、统计权重法、综合概率法等方法，对Z-R关系法、平均校准法、最优插值法、卡尔曼滤波和最优插值联合校准法、卡尔曼滤波校准法降水定量估测模式输出结果进行集成分析。初步结果表明：统计权重法的集成结果与实况地面雨量计测得雨强值吻合较好．可以在估测区域降水量集成分析中进行业务试用。     

月平均气温预报的神经网络BP型多层映射模式

采用神经网络ＢＰ多层映射模式，利用１９４６～１９７９（１９８０）年南京月平均气温资料序列，计算得到系统的分维数Ｄ＿０＝２．８，确定三层模式形式ｉ×ｊ＝３×２，ｋ＝１，由此作出１９８０（１９８１）年１～１２月平均气温预报值。它与实测值的相关系数为０．９７（０．９８）。如按各月资料建立序列，作１～１２月各月平均气温预报与实测值的相关系数为０．９９（０．９９）。     

中国冬季气温季节内变率特征及环流分析

提: 要:利用中国冬季逐日平均气温均方差作为气温季节内变率指标,分析其变化特征并探讨引起季节内变率异常的环流背景.结果 表明,中国冬季气温季节内变率总体呈减弱趋势,对气候增暖趋势响应明显,其年代际变化和东亚冬季风年代际转折时间相吻合.当气温季节内变率异常偏强时,冬季平均环流场上呈类似准正压结构,平流层极涡偏弱,对流层中...     

T639L60全球中期预报系统预报试验和性能评估

在目前国家气象中心全球业务中期谱模式T213L31中成功引入ECMWF的稳定外插半拉格朗日方案,将归约高斯格点转换为线性高斯格点,解决了模式分辨率提高的关键技术.将模式谱分辨率从213波提高到639波,垂直层次从31层提升到60层,模式层顶从10hPa升至0.1hPa.建立T639L60中期同化预报系统,进行连续一年多连续滚动试验,对预报员关心的降水预报和500hPa形势场预报进行了统计学检验,与现行全球中期业务模式进行对比分析.分析结果表明,T639L60中期系统对500hPa位势高度场预报性能比业务有明显改进,东亚地区达1天.从降水客观评分上看,中国地区降水各量级降水的Ts评分均明显提高,在预报偏差(B值)方面,小到大雨预报偏差明显降低,暴雨的预报偏差有所增加.     

Dust Storms in North China in 2002： A Case Study of the Low Frequency Oscillation

The low frequency oscillation in both hemispheres and its possible role in the dust weather storm events over North China in 2002 are analyzed as a case study. Results show that the Aleutian Low is linked with the Circumpolar Vortex in the Southern Hemisphere on a 30-60-day oscillation, with a weak Circumpolar Vortex tending to deepen the Aleutian Low which may be helpful for the generation of dust storm events. The possible mechanism behind this is the inter-hemispheric interaction of the mean meridional circulation, with the major variability over East Asia. The zonal mean westerly wind at high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere in the upper level troposphere may lead that of the Northern Hemisphere, which then impacts the local circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, the low frequency oscillation teleconnection is one possible linkage in the coupling between the Southern Hemisphere circulation and dust events over North China. However, the interannual variation of the low frequency oscillation is unclear.     

FY-3C微波成像仪海上大气可降水产品质量检验

中国自主研制的第二代极轨气象卫星的首颗业务星风云三号C星(FY-3C)于2013年9月23日发射升空。微波成像仪(MWRI)作为FY-3C上携带的重要微波载荷之一,能够实现对大气、海洋和陆地的全天时监测。其中,MWRI海上大气可降水量(TPW)产品在数值预报模式以及气候变化研究中具有很重要的应用价值,但是应用效果的好坏往往受产品精度的制约。使用长达4年的卫星观测资料,通过MWRI TPW业务产品和无线电探空及专用传感器微波成像仪(SSMIS) TPW业务产品的比较,对MWRI TPW产品(包括轨道产品、日产品和月产品)的质量进行检验。结果表明,轨道产品和地面实际观测的探空数据的平均相对误差在7%左右,均方根误差为2.6 mm;日产品和SSMIS日产品的均方根误差约为3 mm,和探空日产品的均方根误差小于2.1 mm;月产品和SSMIS月产品的均方根误差小于1.3mm。表明FY-3C MWRI TPW业务产品长期以来一直稳定运行且精度较高,具备实际应用潜力。     

广西低温阴雨结束期分布特征及其预报

用ＥＯＦ方法分析了广西春播期低温阴雨结束期分布特征,结果表明,主要特征向量及其对应的时间系数很好地代表了低温阴雨结束期的空间分布和时间变化,前２个特征向量所表征的低温阴雨结束期分布型具有显著的２～３年及准４年的周期振荡。用主要分布型的时间系数均生函数模型,对广西低温阴雨结束期场作预报,１９９０～１９９９年试报表明,效果较好。