区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。     

长江黄河流域上中下游汛期重旱涝的气候特征

为了揭示长江，黄河流域汛期（6-8月）重旱涝的气候特征，首先采用墨西哥帽小波对长江，黄河流域1951-1999年汛期的降雨资料作分析，得到了两流域汛期降雨量的年际变化趋势；其次将长江流域划分为三段（上游、中游、下游段），黄河流域分为两段（上中游、下游段），以各游段逐月的平均降水量（R）为基准，计算降雨量距平面分率，从而得到逐游段，逐月49年来的重旱涝的时序资料；最后分析该时序资料，得到两流域上中下游汛期重旱涝的时空分布，其结果深化了我们对重旱涝的认识。     

广东省汛期旱涝成因和前期影响因子探讨

根据广东省８６个气象站降水量资料，用正态化Ｚ指数对前，后汛期旱涝等级进行了划分，前汛期旱涝年对比分析表明：西太平洋副高造成的南海地区较强偏南风和较强东亚大槽以及较强垲支西风急流（有利于中纬度冷空气南侵）之间的相互作用是影响广东前汛期降水偏多的直接原因，广东前汛期偏早的主要原因是冷空气偏弱，西太平洋暖池海温变化是这种相互作用的重要影响因子，暖池海温偏高（低），广东前汛期正常偏旱（涝）。前期１２－２月西太平洋暖池海温是前汛期旱涝变化的重要强信号之一，预测前汛期旱涝时应特别关注两极极涡的强度变化和中纬度地区位势高度变化，后汛期旱斩份对比分析表明：亚洲夏季风系统偏强（弱）是造成广东省后污期偏涝（旱）的最重要因素，登陆广东的热带气施个数对后污期降水的影响也比较大，还探讨了后汛期旱涝的预测问题，提出前期５月份北太平洋东部地区５００hPa位势高度距平是预测后汛期旱涝的重要强信号，其位势高度为正距平，则广东后汛期偏早，负距平则偏涝，南半球中高纬地区大气环流变化通过对印度夏季风的影响从而影响后汛期旱涝的变化。     

卫星资料在台风暴雨数值模拟中的应用

用ＰＳＵ／ＮＣＡＲ中尺度模式，采用ＥＣＭＷＦ资料对８２０９号台风带来的暴雨进行了控制试验，同时采用卫星和地面资料对原有初始湿度场作订正，进行了灵敏试验。对比分析表明，应用卫星资料后，模拟的台风暴雨及雨量中心强度与实况甚为一致。此外，由模式输出流场的分析表明，台风内部及其外围有显著的非对称气流和明显的中尺度系统结构。暴雨发生在低空非对称气流聚合和高空非对称气流辐散重叠区域；在强雨量中心区，低空有清楚     

Energy coefficients for a propeller series

The efficiency for a propeller is calculated by energy coefficients. These coefficients are related to four types of losses, i.e. the axial, the rotational, the frictional, and the finite blade number loss, and one gain, i.e. the axial gain. The energy coefficients are derived by use of the potential theory with the propeller modelled as an actuator disk. The efficiency based on the energy coefficients is calculated for a propeller series. The results show a good agreement between the efficiency based on the energy coefficients and the efficiency obtained by a vortex-lattice method.     

受蚜虫危害与干旱胁迫的冬小麦高光谱判别

从高光谱遥感角度判别冬小麦旱害和蚜虫危害,可进一步提高遥感监测灾害的准确性.在麦长管蚜的自然危害下,通过控制其生育期水分条件形成的不同程度的干旱胁迫,监测了灌浆末期冬小麦冠层反射率对蚜虫危害和干旱胁迫的反应;并经一阶微分数据变换,筛选出识别蚜虫虫害和干旱胁迫响应最敏感的光谱波段.实验结果表明:受蚜虫危害和干旱胁迫后,灌浆末期冬小麦在近红外波段的光谱特征变化比在可见光波段的显著,可见光和近红外波段是识别蚜虫危害和干旱胁迫最敏感的谱段.经一阶微分数据变换发现,自然降水处理(灌水量相当于需水量的＜40％)下的冬小麦光谱曲线的“红边”斜率最小;受蚜虫危害以及灌水量分别相当于需水量的＞70％,60％～ 70％,50％～ 60％和40％～ 50％水分处理下的“红边”斜率依次变大;受蚜虫危害冬小麦光谱曲线的“红边”位置波长最短(698 nm),其他不同水分处理结果随着干旱胁迫的加重向波长短的方向发生“蓝移”.因此,“红边”参数也可以作为判别冬小麦蚜虫危害和干旱胁迫的重要参数.     

Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using AWiFS/WiFS data of Indian Remote Sensing satellites

Spatial differences in drought proneness and intensity of drought caused by differences in cropping patterns and crop growing environments within a district indicate the need for agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level. The objective of this study is to use moderate resolution satellite images for detailed assessment of the agricultural drought situation at different administrative units (blocks) within a district. Monthly time composite NDVI images derived from moderate resolution AWiFS (60 m) and WiFS (180 m) images from Indian Remote Sensing satellites were analysed along with ground data on rainfall and crop sown areas for the kharif seasons (June – November) of 2002 (drought year), 2004 (early season drought) and 2005 (good monsoon year). The impact of the 2002 meteorological drought on crop area in different blocks of the district was assessed. The amplitude of crop condition variability in a severe drought year (2002) and a good year (2005) was used to map the degree of vulnerability of different blocks in the district to agricultural drought. The impact of early season deficit rainfall in 2004 on the agricultural situation and subsequent recovery of the agricultural situation was clearly shown. Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using moderate resolution images is useful for prioritizing the problem areas within a district to undertake, in season drought management plans, such as alternate cropping strategies, as well as for end of the season drought relief management actions. The availability of ground data on rainfall, cropping pattern, crop calendar, irrigation, soil type etc., is very crucial in order to interpret the seasonal NDVI patterns at disaggregated level for drought assessment. The SWIR band of AWiFS sensor is a potential data source for assessing surface drought at the beginning of the season.     

新疆测震台网与中国地震台网测定的地震震级对比分析

选用2010～2012年间新疆境内和边邻地区MS≥4.0地震41个,以中国地震台网给出的震级为标准震级,对新疆台网记录的数字记录波形使用不同仪器分析、仿真处理。用速度量记录直接计算,将速度量记录仿真为短周期WA位移记录、中长周期SK仪记录的勒夫波和长周期763仪记录的瑞利波位移记录计算震级,分别进行了震级偏差统计分析,初步得出震级偏差值的震级校正值,有利于提高新疆地震台网速报地震震级的准确性。     

六安台网地震自动速报系统应用研究

介绍了六安台网地震自动速报系统的基本构成及地震自动速报系统的软件构架和数据流程,并描述了安卓系统智能终端接收速报信息后,与Baidu地图在线链接,以实现区域台网地震自动速报信息震中位置的Baidu地图显示,其界面清晰、便捷直观.     

Expansion of the northern hemisphere subtropical high pressure belt: trends and linkages to precipitation and drought

A critical issue in research concerning long-term climate change is the relationship between circulation features and global temperature variations. We establish that the annual areal size of the northern hemisphere subtropical high pressure belt (SHPB), as defined by seven 500-hPa height isohypses, shares over 70% of the variability with global annual near-surface air temperature since 1948. The area enclosed by the 5850-m isohypse of the 500-hPa surface in the northern hemisphere has more than doubled since the 1950s, with greatest increases over northern Africa, the Middle East and India. A long-term historical run of a coupled global climate model shows rapidly increasing SHPB annual sizes, since the mid-1970s. Since the SHPB’s descending air produces increased aridity, SHPB expansion may transition humid regions to more arid lands. To examine this aspect, first, variations in recorded precipitation using a gridded database for the region experiencing expansion of the SHPB show a decrease in precipitation (though significant only at the 88% confidence level) over the last 60?years. Second, variations in a 0.5° spatial resolution monthly drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, are highly correlated (+0.78) with annual variations in the area enclosed by the 500-hPa height isohypses. These results support those of previous investigations that suggest further northward expansion of the northern hemisphere subtropical dry zones with continued global climate change.