火山喷发对辐射传输影响的研究

本文根据火山灰粒子的辐射光学特性,计算了火山灰粒子和平流层本底的辐射光学参数。另外,采用大气多次散射的辐射传输方程,计算了火山喷发对大气辐射变温的影响效果。结果表明,与平流层本底相比,火山灰粒子具有很强的吸收性。火山喷发使平流层吸收太阳辐射增温,并使到达对流层和地面的太阳辐射减少;同时,对大气长波冷却率的影响甚微。     

Growth rates,densities, and distribution of Lophelia pertusa on artificial structures in the Gulf of Mexico

Using industry inspection video and ROV imaging, we examined Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758) on 10 artificial structures of known ages (9 to 100 years) in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Five different types deep-water energy installations with depths ranging from 320 to 995 m, and three shipwrecks with depths ranging from approximately 530 to 615 m, were examined. Density, depth ranges, and growth rates of L. pertusa colonies were calculated from video and image analysis. L. pertusa colonies were present on all structures examined. Minimum calculated growth rates for the largest colonies ranged from 0.32 to 3.23 cm/yr on the different structures. The shallowest depth at which L. pertusa was observed was 201 m and the deepest was 801 m, considerably expanding the known depth range of this species in the northern GoM. Colony density varied with structure type, age, and depth, with the highest density between 503 and 518 m on the single structure that spanned the entire depth range of occurrence of L. pertusa observed in this study. L. pertusa colonies growing on thinner and deeper installations appear to have higher colonization rates, i.e. to develop higher densities over a shorter time period, compared to those on shallower and more massive types of installations. However, on average, colonies have slower growth rates on these installations than colonies on more massive, shallower installations (compliant and solid installations). In general, the calculated minimum growth rates were higher on the installations than on the shipwrecks, which were substantially older. A continuum of colony sizes was documented on all installations, suggesting multiple settlement events. L. pertusa thickets were observed on the oldest anthropogenic structures, with most of the components of these structures covered by colonies of L. pertusa. Brown, orange, and mottled color-variants were documented for the first time in the GoM. All installations examined for this study were colonized by L. pertusa and it is likely that most artificial surfaces in appropriate depths in the GoM will be as well.     

实验室观测条件下的规则长波对风浪低频频移影响(英文)

本文利用实验室波浪水槽观测规则长波对风浪的影响。谱分析显示,较之纯风浪谱,除已被广泛关注的长波抑制风浪这一现象外,当长波波陡较小,且频率远离风浪峰频时,长波还使得风浪谱向低频移动。本文利用Longuet-HigginsStewart(1960)理论,并考虑到风浪破碎的约束,计算了规则长波的存在对风浪谱的影响,发现可以较好地解释这一现象。这一工作表明,当长波波陡小且频率远离风浪峰频时,长波对短波的二阶调制及其引起的破碎加强可能是长波影响风浪的主要机制。     

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太阳辐射短时临近预报R模型的构建及验证

提高太阳辐射短时临近预报（<6 h）的准确率是确保电网调度的重要举措,也是极具挑战性的技术瓶颈之一。基于云-辐射关系,利用地面观测的太阳辐照度反演的云相对辐射强迫比值,构建了太阳辐射短时临近预报模型（R模型）,并用美国南部大平原中心站16 a的辐照度观测数据,对R模型的预报性能进行了评估。结果表明：（1）有云存在的个例中,R模型较传统的简单持续性模型（Simple模型）的预报性能有很大提升,相比于预报性能较高的智能持续性模型（Smart模型或RCRF模型）仍有2%～25%的改进。（2）在16 a包含2.9×105个8类云状个例的总体检验中,当预报时效超过1 h时,R模型的预报性能显著优于Simple模型和RCRF模型。相对于RCRF模型,R模型在6 h预报时效下,对总辐射和直接辐射的预报性能可分别提高25%和19%,预报时效分别延长了1.5 h和1 h。（3）R模型为太阳辐射短时临近预报提供了准确率更高的基准模型。同时,该模型可仅依靠地面短期的辐照度观测资料即可预报,为缺少同期气象要素观测的光伏电厂的辐射预报提供了新的途径或新的可能。     

改进Dijkstra算法的城市道路最短路径仿真研究

本文在分析Dijkstra算法基础上,考虑城市路网的特点及该算法在路径优化中的不足,提出一种基于双向搜索的Dijkstra改进算法,它可以减少路网节点的搜索范围和计算复杂度.仿真结果表明,改进算法在最短路径搜索中可使候选节点数减少15％～25％,当节点越多这种减少越明显,可提高搜索路径的实时性.     

A technique of digital surface model generation

It is usually a time-consuming process to real-time set up 3D digital surface model(DSM) of an object with complex surface. On the basis of the architectural survey project of “Chilin Nunnery Reconstruction”, this paper investigates an easy and feasible way, that is, on project site, applying digital close range photogrammetry and CAD technique to establish the DSM for simulating ancient architectures with complex surface. The method has been proved very effective in practice.     

Control work in close range photogrammetry

The purpose, classification, required accuracy and surveying methods of control work for close range photogrammetry have been briefly stated. The different methods for definition of space, object coordinate system are also reviewed. It is suggested that the habitu-ally-practised rotation angle system for aerophotogrammetry in China should be used for the future teaching and resaarching work in the close range photogrammetry, and that the rotation angle system for terrestrial deformation photogrammetry should be left out in order to avoid the confuse and reduce the amount of expanse for making softwares. It has been emphasized that there are three improtant aspects in the close range control work with high accurary using the conventional method of engineering surveying: the use of standard scale for measurement of distance between two general stations, the accurate determination of start direction line between two general stations and the handling method of influence of 2C change. A method for setting up industrial surveying control net with extra-high accuracy ±(0.05–0.20) mm is presented by the author. This kind of industrial control net is necessary for batch process of large industrial components with purposes of measurement, inspect and lofting. There are some special methods of control work in the close range photogrammetry, including two methods presented by the author.     

Comparison of drought projections using two UK weather generators

Abstract

Possible changes in drought under future climate scenarios may pose unprecedented challenges for water resources, as well as other environmental and societal issues, and need assessment to quantify their associated risk. Two weather generators, based upon (a) the Neyman-Scott Rectangular Pulses (NSRP) model as implemented by the United Kingdom Climate Projections 09 (UKCP09) study, and (b) the generalized linear model (GLM) approach, are used to investigate potential variations in drought conditions for six catchments in the UK under climate projections. The results show that both weather generators provide rainfall simulations having satisfactory monthly statistics. However, the rainfall series from the UKCP09 weather generators lack inter-annual variability, whereas the GLM simulations, which include non-stationary global circulation model (GCM) outputs as driving variables, seem to have a more appropriate representation of the observed drought conditions. For drought projections in the 2080s, the UKCP09 simulations provide repetitive patterns without much temporal variation, similar to the results in the control period. This study suggests that for the drought index considered here (a 3-month drought severity index) the GLM approach appears to be a more appropriate model for drought study on inter-annual scales in comparison with the UKCP09 weather generator.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Chun, K.P., Wheater, H.S., and Onof, C., 2013. Comparison of drought projections using two UK weather generators. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 295–309.