新疆气象站年均风速均一化订正与基本风压估算初探

为了较好地开展风能资源的详查与综合评价工作,根据新疆各风区挑选的参照站历史风况资料序列特点,在参考测站历史"元数据"直接进行非均一性检验与一致性订正基础上,对其中4个长期无自记风记录参照站采用标准正态均一性检验、Potter检验、平行累计和等客观方法对1970～2009年的年平均风速序列进行了非均一性检验与均一化订正,同时对测站无自记风时期年最大风速序列的时距换算进行了初步探索。结果表明:1)布尔津、淖毛湖、红柳河站的年平均风速存在因测站环境改变或其它不明原因而使序列间断的现象。从年平均风速序列SNHT非均一性订正结果以及测站四周建筑群体的发展规模看,布尔津测站受测站环境变化等不明原因的影响程度最大,三度间断,累积订正量平均达0.9m.s-1左右。淖毛湖站两度间断,其中1次与近距迁站而又未进行迁站订正有关,订正量约为0.1～0.2m.s-1。红柳河站的1次间断,也与未进行迁站订正有关,订正量约为0.1～0.2m.s-1。2)在构建测站无自记风时期历年最大风速序列的时距时次经验公式中,十三间房站适于西北统一经验公式,其余3站适于在一定阈值风速条件下,根据有自记风时期2min时距平均风速与10min时距最大风速的相关比值系数进行订正。     

周期性排桩设计频段隔振原理性试验研究

针对目前基于带隙理论开展的周期性隔振排桩性能研究偏重于解析理论分析和数值仿真计算的现状,采用原理性试验的方法,验证了周期性隔振排桩的衰减域特性。试验设计了4种工况：分别考虑了空心钢管桩和填土钢管桩两种排桩类型,以及六角晶格和正方晶格两种周期性布置方式。激振采用脉冲荷载激励,将隔振工况与无桩基本工况进行比较,对周期性排桩的振动衰减域进行了测试和分析,并与带隙理论计算的频率带隙结果进行对比。研究表明：在理论计算带隙范围内,各工况下实测衰减水平均在50%以上,最高达到98%。表明了周期排桩对特定频带的振动阻隔实际效果明显,隔振表现突出,证实了理论分析的有效性。周期排桩对水平方向的振动衰减优于竖直方向;从趋势上看,在其他条件相同时,六角晶格布置的周期排桩,其振动衰减水平优于正方晶格布置;桩内填土可有效增加六角晶格布置钢管桩的首阶带隙及衰减域宽度,有效降低正方晶格布置钢管桩的首阶带隙及衰减域起始频率。对应于试验的工程实际尺寸在0～80 Hz频段内出现多条带隙,并且最低可达20 Hz以下,这表明,基于带隙理论进行周期隔振排桩设计,在地铁列车振动环境影响的特征频段隔离或衰减中,具有广泛的应用前景。     

钻井船插桩CEL数值模拟中的若干问题分析

依据模拟钻井船在不同场地条件下贯入阻力的离心模型试验结果及具体工程实例,对利用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元方法模拟钻井船在黏土、砂土、黏土下覆砂土、砂土下覆黏土及成层土场地插桩过程时,影响贯入阻力计算结果的几个因素进行了研究。结果表明,对于不同土层场地条件,有限元模型中欧拉区域范围对贯入阻力几乎没有影响。为确保CEL数值结果的精度,有限元建模时靠近桩靴部分设置为细网格区域,以外区域设置为粗网格区域;对于不同土层场地条件,减小细网格尺寸及增大细网格范围可以减小贯入阻力的振荡情况;经比较总结,细网格尺寸建议取0.05倍桩靴直径,细网格范围建议取2倍桩靴直径。采用位移控制模拟钻井船插桩时,桩靴贯入速率对黏土场地的贯入阻力影响较小,对砂土下覆黏土场地的贯入阻力影响很大,对一般成层土场地的贯入阻力有一定影响。经比较总结,建议在研究钻井船在不同土层场地的计算贯入阻力时,有限元模型的桩靴贯入速率取0.2 m/s。     

组合导航技术在出租车计价系统中的应用

针对目前出租车计价器在计时和计程方面存在的问题,提出了利用GNSS+INS+Odometer组合导航技术进行出租车计价的方法。运用组合导航技术对出租车载客过程中里程和时间进行计算,一方面可以避免传统计价器在使用过程中由于计价器本身以及人为因素等原因,改变实际的行驶里程,影响计价的准确性,从而提高计价的准确性;另一方面,可以避免单一的里程计计价过程中一旦出现故障,里程结果出现较大误差或无法计价等情况,增加出租车计价系统的可靠性。通过跑车试验证明：将组合导航技术应用于出租车计价系统中,能够对出租车计程、计时以及低速计价等关键问题作出很大改进,在计价的精度和可靠性方面都有显著提高;避免因计价器不准等原因造成的乘客、出租车司机之间的矛盾,维护双方的合法权益;对组合导航技术的发展起到了很好的推动作用。     

Experimental analysis of infragravity waves in two eroded microtidal beaches

This work aims to contribute to the characterization and understanding of infragravity waves on two beaches with erosion problems. For this reason, we have used an array of ADCP and a pressure sensor to measure wave parameters and pressure inside and outside of the surf zone during the dry and rainy period in the beaches of Galerazamba and Manzanillo del Mar (both dissipative and eroded beaches) located in the Colombian Caribbean coast. Based on these measurements, we have carried out a spectral analysis in order to identify the frequency components that characterize the wave and its energy; thus, we identified the characteristic frequencies of infragravity waves to finally filter the infragravity signal on each beach in different seasonal periods. Among the results of the Welch spectrum applied to surface elevation time series, we found that, the frequencies'' energy of the sea-swell band decreases due to bottom friction and wave breaking as the wave approaches the shore, while the frequencies'' energy of the infragravity band increases significantly. In addition, for the wavelet analysis, we could observe how the energy of the infragravity band, especially the lowest frequencies gain energy as the waves approaches the coast. Furthermore, based on the infragravity wave obtained from the extreme wave event registered during the field campaign we can conclude that the contribution of this signal is important in the erosion problems presented in the beaches of Galerazamba and Manzanillo del Mar. Finally, these results show the need to realize other studies that allow us to understand deeply, the role of infragravity waves on the morphological changes that occurs in these beaches.     

CMIP5气候模式模拟的北极海冰特征及其季节变化

This paper is focused on the seasonality change of Arctic sea ice extent(SIE) from 1979 to 2100 using newly available simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5).A new approach to compare the simulation metric of Arctic SIE between observation and 31 CMIP5 models was established.The approach is based on four factors including the climatological average,linear trend of SIE,span of melting season and annual range of SIE.It is more objective and can be popularized to other comparison of models.Six good models(GFDL-CM3,CESM1-BGC,MPI-ESM-LR,ACCESS-1.0,Had GEM2-CC,and Had GEM2-AO in turn) are found which meet the criterion closely based on above approach.Based on ensemble mean of the six models,we found that the Arctic sea ice will continue declining in each season and firstly drop below 1 million km~2(defined as the ice-free state) in September 2065 under RCP4.5 scenario and in September 2053 under RCP8.5 scenario.We also study the seasonal cycle of the Arctic SIE and find out the duration of Arctic summer(melting season) will increase by about 100 days under RCP4.5 scenario and about 200 days under RCP8.5 scenario relative to current circumstance by the end of the 21 st century.Asymmetry of the Arctic SIE seasonal cycle with later freezing in fall and early melting in spring,would be more apparent in the future when the Arctic climate approaches to "tipping point",or when the ice-free Arctic Ocean appears.Annual range of SIE(seasonal melting ice extent) will increase almost linearly in the near future 30–40 years before the Arctic appears ice-free ocean,indicating the more ice melting in summer,the more ice freezing in winter,which may cause more extreme weather events in both winter and summer in the future years.     

开敞式潮滩-潮沟系统发育演变动力机制——Ⅱ.潮汐作用

为研究潮汐作用下潮沟网络形成、演变规律,结合江苏沿海粉砂淤泥质潮滩实际情况,建立试验室物理模型,模拟具有一定坡度的潮滩在潮汐作用下的地形演变,分析了潮沟发育演变中的水沙运动规律,研究了潮差对于潮沟发育的影响。研究表明,潮沟发育过程受到床面坡度变化的影响,坡度均一的潮滩上,潮沟系统通过相邻小潮沟相互连接而形成,没有明显的潮沟头部溯源侵蚀现象;在潮汐作用下,涨潮初期和落潮后期水流流速较快,泥沙运动主要出现在这一阶段,在潮滩中部泥沙运动最为剧烈;潮差对于潮沟系统形态和结构的影响较小,潮滩排水路径长度与子流域面积呈幂函数分布,潮差越大则潮沟系统越早达到动态平衡,且具有更大的拓宽潮沟的作用。     

岷江上游干旱河谷范围的界定及其变化分析

基于1961-2014 年岷江上游及其周边地区20 个气象站点的观测资料,运用Mann-Kendal非参数检验方法分析了研究区近50 a 的气候突变,结合DEM、土壤、水系、土地利用等数据构建了干旱河谷典型特征的诊断指标体系,准确地界定了岷江上游干旱河谷的范围并分析了其气候突变前后的变化。结果表明：（1）研究区气候突变的时间节点为1981 年,当前气候条件（1982-2014 年）下,岷江上游干旱河谷总长度约为151.63 km,面积约705.62 km²（占区域总面积的2.94%）,主要分布于松潘镇江关以下,经茂县凤仪镇至汶川县绵褫间的岷江干流,以及黑水河谷和杂谷脑河谷等岷江支流的两侧。（2）当前气候条件下干旱河谷较气候突变前（1961-1980 年）覆盖河道两岸更宽的范围且向北延伸,长度增加20.87 km,面积增加81.61 km²;（3）气候变暖和土地利用方式的改变是引起岷江上游干旱河谷范围扩大的主要原因。     

厦门地震台重力仪同震响应特征分析

2007年9月,印度尼西亚发生8次强震,厦门地震台的重力仪都有同震响应。从面波延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了8次强震的同震响应特征。